軸承鋼(gang)是特(te)殊鋼(gang)中最具代(dai)表性的(de)鋼(gang)種，其(qi)服役條件惡劣，使(shi)用性能要求較高，是生(sheng)產難度最大、質(zhi)(zhi)量要求最嚴、檢驗項目(mu)最多的(de)鋼(gang)種之一。國際鋼(gang)鐵(tie)界通(tong)常把(ba)軸承鋼(gang)的(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量水(shui)平(ping)視為鋼(gang)鐵(tie)企業特(te)殊鋼(gang)生(sheng)產技術水(shui)平(ping)和產品質(zhi)(zhi)量水(shui)平(ping)的(de)重要標志。

  軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)管主要(yao)用于制造滾動(dong)軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)的內外套圈(quan)。由于滾動(dong)軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)工(gong)作時(shi)負荷集中，因此要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)套圈(quan)在(zai)工(gong)作時(shi)能抗壓、耐(nai)磨(mo)損、耐(nai)腐蝕(shi)和(he)有(you)較(jiao)長的使用壽命。為(wei)了達到這些(xie)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)用鋼應具(ju)有(you)高而均勻(yun)的硬(ying)度和(he)耐(nai)磨(mo)性(xing)(xing)，高的彈性(xing)(xing)極限和(he)接觸疲勞強度，一定的韌性(xing)(xing)和(he)淬(cui)透性(xing)(xing)及耐(nai)蝕(shi)性(xing)(xing)。從而對(dui)鋼的純凈度、氣體(ti)含量（氧氮含量）、非金屬夾雜（數量、形(xing)態、種(zhong)類）及碳(tan)化物(wu)數量形(xing)態分布、成(cheng)分、組(zu)織的均勻(yun)性(xing)(xing)及鋼材(cai)表面的脫碳(tan)層程(cheng)度都有(you)嚴格的要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)。由于軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)規(gui)(gui)格繁多，為(wei)了減少(shao)加工(gong)余(yu)量及提高成(cheng)材(cai)率(lv)又對(dui)軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)鋼管的規(gui)(gui)格及尺(chi)寸(cun)精度提出更高要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)。

  在國外，著名的軸承鋼生產(chan)企業如瑞典SKF、日本(ben)山(shan)(shan)陽(yang)、美(mei)國鐵姆肯等均生產(chan)軸承管(guan)(guan)(guan)。其(qi)中(zhong)SKF生產(chan)外徑φ90～200mm熱軋管(guan)(guan)(guan)及(ji)Φ55～110mm冷軋管(guan)(guan)(guan)；日本(ben)山(shan)(shan)陽(yang)生產(chan)外徑φ50～180mm 熱軋管(guan)(guan)(guan)和ф22～95mm的冷軋管(guan)(guan)(guan)。

  我(wo)國的(de)軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)以中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)口徑為主(zhu)(zhu)，由(you)于規格(ge)繁多、批(pi)量(liang)小(xiao)等(deng)原(yuan)因，多由(you)專業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)穿(chuan)孔＋冷(leng)軋(ya)(ya)／拔＋熱(re)處理(li)(li)工(gong)藝(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)。全流程(cheng)的(de)軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)由(you)于生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)環(huan)節多、生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)流程(cheng)長、工(gong)藝(yi)涉(she)及(ji)(ji)(ji)面廣，諸如，冶煉涉(she)及(ji)(ji)(ji)煉鐵、煉鋼(gang)和連鑄，軋(ya)(ya)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)涉(she)及(ji)(ji)(ji)熱(re)軋(ya)(ya)、控冷(leng)、酸洗及(ji)(ji)(ji)冷(leng)軋(ya)(ya)，熱(re)處理(li)(li)涉(she)及(ji)(ji)(ji)球化退火、光(guang)亮(liang)退火等(deng)，其影響質量(liang)的(de)因素多，質量(liang)控制難(nan)度大。另外該產(chan)(chan)(chan)品生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)周(zhou)期長，能耗高，易(yi)對環(huan)境產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)污(wu)染等(deng)，使國內特鋼(gang)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)和全流程(cheng)鋼(gang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)很少涉(she)足。目(mu)前(qian)我(wo)國軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鋼(gang)（管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)）產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈的(de)現狀(zhuang)是：特鋼(gang)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鋼(gang)坯(pi)（棒(bang)(bang)）銷(xiao)售給軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，少部分賣給軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)作(zuo)為坯(pi)料；軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)以購買軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鋼(gang)（棒(bang)(bang)）作(zuo)為原(yuan)料，采(cai)(cai)用(yong)穿(chuan)孔＋冷(leng)軋(ya)(ya)／拔工(gong)藝(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)，兩大工(gong)序（上下游）各自獨(du)立（在(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)技術體系(xi)上沒有緊密的(de)聯系(xi)），生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)中(zhong)(zhong)型(xing)、大型(xing)、特大型(xing)軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鋼(gang)坯(pi)（棒(bang)(bang)）；生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)微型(xing)、小(xiao)型(xing)軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，采(cai)(cai)用(yong)軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。