金屬材料所(suo)具有(you)的那(nei)種能(neng)夠(gou)適應實際生(sheng)產工藝要求(qiu)的能(neng)力統稱工藝性能(neng)。例(li)如，鑄造性、鍛(duan)造性、深沖(chong)性、彎曲(qu)性、切(qie)削(xue)性、焊接(jie)性、淬透性等。

  材料的工藝性能(neng)(neng)是一(yi)種參量，用于表(biao)征材料適應(ying)工藝而獲(huo)得規定(ding)性能(neng)(neng)和外形(xing)的能(neng)(neng)力。

  為了滿足上述(shu)的性能要求，必須要控制材料的成分，組織和結構（或廣義的結構）。

  金屬材(cai)料的加工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝性能，可以(yi)通過相應的材(cai)料試(shi)驗加以(yi)評定(ding)。

  加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)控(kong)制金(jin)屬材(cai)料外部(bu)形(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)和(he)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)結構。例如，將(jiang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)板(ban)材(cai)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)焊接鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)，就需要一系列(lie)諸如剪切(qie)、成(cheng)形(xing)(xing)、焊接、熱處(chu)理(li)、酸(suan)洗和(he)檢驗等一系列(lie)控(kong)制其外部(bu)形(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)和(he)內(nei)(nei)部(bu)結構的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝過程，才能(neng)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)焊接鋼(gang)(gang)管(guan)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)所(suo)以(yi)能(neng)廣泛的(de)(de)(de)得到應(ying)用(yong)，就是(shi)由(you)它的(de)(de)(de)可加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)性(xing)能(neng)作支撐的(de)(de)(de)。了解掌(zhang)握不(bu)(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)性(xing)能(neng)，對(dui)(dui)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝制定，對(dui)(dui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)銹(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)的(de)(de)(de)正確、合理(li)選用(yong)是(shi)有幫(bang)助的(de)(de)(de)，也是(shi)必不(bu)(bu)(bu)可少的(de)(de)(de)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝是(shi)利用(yong)生產工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具對(dui)(dui)各種(zhong)原(yuan)材(cai)料、半成(cheng)品(pin)進行加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)或處(chu)理(li)，使之成(cheng)為(wei)產成(cheng)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)方法。材(cai)料工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)在(zai)于最(zui)經(jing)濟(ji)地滿(man)足產品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)要求，這些要求包括(kuo)材(cai)料內(nei)(nei)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)分、結構和(he)組(zu)織(zhi)（可以(yi)并稱(cheng)為(wei)結構）以(yi)及外部(bu)形(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)（尺寸及表面(mian)質量）。依(yi)據這個目的(de)(de)(de)，做如下幾點說明(ming)。

一、加工(gong)工(gong)藝

 1. 產品

  產品(pin)(pin)一般可分為(wei)原(yuan)材(cai)料和(he)(he)器件(jian)(jian)兩大(da)類。材(cai)料生產廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)產品(pin)(pin)為(wei)原(yuan)材(cai)料，而材(cai)料加工廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)產品(pin)(pin)為(wei)器皿和(he)(he)構件(jian)(jian)等(deng)。以金屬材(cai)料為(wei)例，冶金廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)生產的(de)(de)(de)產品(pin)(pin)是各種金屬材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)棒、絲(si)、板、管等(deng)；而機械(xie)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)則(ze)由冶金廠(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)產品(pin)(pin)為(wei)原(yuan)材(cai)料加工成各種器件(jian)(jian)。

 2. 要求

  生產(chan)(chan)和(he)加工廠都要(yao)遵循一定(ding)的(de)工業(ye)標(biao)準(zhun)進行生產(chan)(chan)和(he)加工。工業(ye)標(biao)準(zhun)的(de)內容反映了制定(ding)標(biao)準(zhun)時的(de)工業(ye)水(shui)平以及制定(ding)人的(de)認識水(shui)平。

  工業產品的標準必(bi)須寬嚴適度(du)，不必(bi)要的“過嚴”標準，將(jiang)會造成(cheng)不必(bi)要地判為不合格，引起浪(lang)費(fei)。而不適度(du)地“從寬”，將(jiang)造成(cheng)用戶無法(fa)使用。

“從嚴”和“從寬”對用(yong)戶(hu)都是不(bu)利(li)的，選(xuan)用(yong)材料時(shi)一方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)要從理(li)論和實驗兩(liang)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)去“吃透”工(gong)業標(biao)準中的規定，理(li)解后(hou)執行，這樣可以(yi)提高執行時(shi)的自覺性(xing)；另一方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian)，要加強國(guo)(guo)際交流，注意(yi)國(guo)(guo)際動向，不(bu)要過(guo)于滯后(hou)修(xiu)訂標(biao)準。在(zai)這些基礎上，繼續慎重地發(fa)展工(gong)業標(biao)準。

 3. 經濟

  材料使(shi)用(yong)者希(xi)望能(neng)得到(dao)“物美(mei)價廉”材料；材料生產者希(xi)望自(zi)己的材料能(neng)“優質優價”，這(zhe)分(fen)別是使(shi)用(yong)者和供(gong)應(ying)商們各自(zi)傾(qing)向性的愿(yuan)望。如(ru)果真(zhen)能(neng)實現上述的愿(yuan)望，這(zhe)無疑對雙方(fang)都有經濟效(xiao)益，也就是人們常說的雙贏關系(xi)，而(er)且對整(zheng)個(ge)社會也有效(xiao)益。

  材(cai)(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)生產和(he)加工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)藝是(shi)極為(wei)繁多的(de)(de)，都(dou)有它(ta)(ta)(ta)們的(de)(de)科學原理和(he)技術訣(jue)竅(qiao)，它(ta)(ta)(ta)們的(de)(de)合理性和(he)先進性代(dai)表著(zhu)一個(ge)國家的(de)(de)科技水平。此外，材(cai)(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)加工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝，例(li)如，熱加工(gong)(gong)、冷加工(gong)(gong)、切削、焊接等，還涉(she)及材(cai)(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)藝性能(neng)，它(ta)(ta)(ta)是(shi)影響材(cai)(cai)料(liao)能(neng)否(fou)大量“應(ying)用”的(de)(de)一個(ge)重要因素(su)，也是(shi)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)“發(fa)展(zhan)”中的(de)(de)一個(ge)重要領域。

二、工藝(yi)性能(neng)

  工藝性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)如(ru)前所述，是指(zhi)金屬(shu)材(cai)料(liao)適應加(jia)工工藝要求的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)力。按(an)照金屬(shu)工藝方法的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同，有鑄造(zao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)、鍛造(zao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)、焊接性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)（可焊性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)）、切削性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)和(he)成形(xing)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)等(deng)。工藝性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)往往是由材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)物理性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)、化學性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)、力學性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)等(deng)綜合決定的(de)(de)(de)。例如(ru)，馬氏體不(bu)銹鋼力學性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)強度高(gao)，但(dan)其焊接性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)卻(que)很差。