金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，對研制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)發(fa)展(zhan)新金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)材(cai)料、改(gai)進(jin)材(cai)料質(zhi)量(liang)、限度發(fa)揮材(cai)料潛力(li)(li)(選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)適當的(de)(de)(de)許用(yong)(yong)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)、分析金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)制(zhi)(zhi)件(jian)故障、確(que)(que)保(bao)(bao)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)制(zhi)(zhi)件(jian)設(she)計合理以及使(shi)用(yong)(yong)維護的(de)(de)(de)安可靠，都是必不可少的(de)(de)(de)手段(duan)(見金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)表征)。金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)任務(wu)是正確(que)(que)地(di)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)檢測(ce)儀(yi)器、裝備(bei)和(he)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)，確(que)(que)定(ding)合理的(de)(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)判據(ju)，并準確(que)(que)而(er)盡(jin)可能(neng)(neng)(neng)快地(di)測(ce)出(chu)這(zhe)種(zhong)判據(ju)。 測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方法和(he)條(tiao)件(jian) 為(wei)(wei)了確(que)(que)切表征金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)材(cai)料在使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(服役)條(tiao)件(jian)下(xia)所表現的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei),力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)件(jian)應(ying)(ying)盡(jin)量(liang)接近實際工作(zuo)條(tiao)件(jian)。除普通金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(利用(yong)(yong)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))外，近年來又發(fa)展(zhan)出(chu)模(mo)擬(ni)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗，即應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)機(ji)件(jian)模(mo)型(xing)，或甚至使(shi)用(yong)(yong)真實機(ji)件(jian)，在模(mo)擬(ni)機(ji)件(jian)真實工作(zuo)條(tiao)件(jian)下(xia)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗。通過這(zhe)種(zhong)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗所得到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(使(shi)用(yong)(yong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng))判據(ju)，能(neng)(neng)(neng)更真實反(fan)映工作(zuo)條(tiao)件(jian)下(xia)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，具有(you)(you)重大的(de)(de)(de)工程實際意義。但是，模(mo)擬(ni)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗般缺乏(fa)普遍性(xing)(xing)(xing)，應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)受到(dao)限制(zhi)(zhi)。然而(er)根(gen)據(ju)具體情況，進(jin)行(xing)(xing)部分模(mo)擬(ni)服役條(tiao)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)還(huan)是十(shi)分必要的(de)(de)(de)。 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗設(she)備(bei)、試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)形狀、尺寸和(he)加(jia)工方法、加(jia)荷速率、溫度、介質(zhi)等，均(jun)影(ying)響金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結(jie)果。只有(you)(you)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)相同的(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗方法標準和(he)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規程，才能(neng)(neng)(neng)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結(jie)果的(de)(de)(de)可靠性(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)可比性(xing)(xing)(xing)。正確(que)(que)選(xuan)擇和(he)執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)標準，是確(que)(que)保(bao)(bao)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)要條(tiao)件(jian)。
測試(shi)(shi)(shi)內容 金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)是研究金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在力(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用下所表(biao)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行為和(he)(he)(he)發生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象。由(you)(you)于(yu)作用力(li)(li)(li)(li)點(dian)(如(ru)力(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種類、施力(li)(li)(li)(li)方式和(he)(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)態等)和(he)(he)(he)受力(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)態所處(chu)環(huan)境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)，金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在受力(li)(li)(li)(li)后表(biao)現(xian)出各種不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(如(ru)彈性(xing)、塑性(xing)、韌性(xing)和(he)(he)(he)強度(du)(du)等)。金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)低(di)(di)，通常(chang)用力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)判據(ju)來表(biao)征，如(ru)抗(kang)拉(la)強度(du)(du) 、伸(shen)長率、沖擊韌度(du)(du)、疲勞(lao)限等。 金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)制(zhi)(zhi)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)服役條件(jian)復(fu)雜(za)，因而，金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)測試(shi)(shi)(shi)條件(jian)也(ye)是復(fu)雜(za)而多(duo)(duo)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)。試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)過程需要(yao)考慮的(de)(de)(de)(de)參(can)數很多(duo)(duo)，常(chang)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)有： A 溫(wen)度(du)(du) 室溫(wen)、高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)、低(di)(di)溫(wen)和(he)(he)(he)按(an)照(zhao)定規(gui)律(lv)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)(du)； B 應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li) 拉(la)伸(shen)、壓縮、彎(wan)曲(qu)、扭(niu)轉(zhuan)、剪切(qie)、復(fu)合應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)、按(an)定規(gui)律(lv)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)隨機(ji)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)等； C 應(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian) 軸向、徑向、表(biao)面、彈性(xing)、塑性(xing)、總應(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)； D 環(huan)境(jing) 空氣(qi)、真空、控制(zhi)(zhi)氣(qi)氛(fen)、腐蝕介質(zhi)、海(hai)水、水蒸氣(qi)、高(gao)(gao)壓、腐蝕、核(he)輻(fu)照(zhao)、宇宙空間(jian)等； E 加荷(he)速(su)(su)率(或(huo)應(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)速(su)(su)率)低(di)(di)速(su)(su)、中速(su)(su)、高(gao)(gao)速(su)(su)、超低(di)(di)速(su)(su)、超高(gao)(gao)速(su)(su)等； F 應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(或(huo)應(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian))循(xun)環(huan)頻(pin)率 低(di)(di)頻(pin)、中頻(pin)、高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)、超低(di)(di)頻(pin)、超高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)等； G 時(shi)間(jian) 瞬間(jian)、短時(shi)、長時(shi)、超短時(shi)、超長時(shi)； H 試(shi)(shi)(shi)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)尺寸和(he)(he)(he)形狀(zhuang) 般、小、大、棒狀(zhuang)、板(ban)狀(zhuang)、管狀(zhuang)、絲(si)(si)狀(zhuang)、薄膜、環(huan)形、C形、殊形狀(zhuang)、帶缺(que)(que)口、帶預制(zhi)(zhi)裂紋或(huo)缺(que)(que)陷、模型、實物(wu)等。 根據(ju)上(shang)述參(can)數，已形成(cheng)下述主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)普(pu)通力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)方法:抗(kang)拉(la)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、沖擊試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、硬度(du)(du)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、疲勞(lao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、蠕變(bian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(持久強度(du)(du)和(he)(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)松弛試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan))、斷裂韌性(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)壓試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)彎(wan)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)扭(niu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)剪試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、耐磨試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)工藝(yi)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(如(ru)杯突、擴口、反復(fu)彎(wan)曲(qu)、鋼管壓扁、鋼絲(si)(si)纏繞試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等)等。 金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)測試(shi)(shi)(shi)是門綜合性(xing)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科，它與數學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、物(wu)理學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)以及無線電技(ji)(ji)術(shu)、自(zi)動(dong)(dong)控制(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)、電子計(ji)(ji)算(suan)機(ji)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)、數字顯示技(ji)(ji)術(shu)、電液伺服控制(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)、應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)-應(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)測量(liang)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)、近代無損檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)、儀器(qi)儀表(biao)制(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)等密切(qie)相關。60年代以來,由(you)(you)于(yu)這些域的(de)(de)(de)(de)先進(jin)成(cheng)就應(ying)(ying)(ying)用到(dao)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)測試(shi)(shi)(shi)中去，使金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)測試(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)度(du)(du)、能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)程度(du)(du)顯著提高(gao)(gao)，基(ji)本(ben)上(shang)可實現(xian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)測試(shi)(shi)(shi)諸參(can)數的(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)、測量(liang)和(he)(he)(he)記錄的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)圖表(biao)化(hua)(hua)。金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)測試(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)正向著無惰性(xing)電子化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)盤(pan)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化(hua)(hua)(廣泛應(ying)(ying)(ying)用電子計(ji)(ji)算(suan)機(ji))的(de)(de)(de)(de)方向邁進(jin)。
