金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)，對研制和(he)(he)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)新金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)材(cai)料(liao)、改進材(cai)料(liao)質量、限(xian)度發(fa)揮材(cai)料(liao)潛力(li)(li)(li)(選(xuan)用(yong)適當的(de)(de)許(xu)用(yong)應(ying)力(li)(li)(li)、分析金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)制件(jian)(jian)(jian)故障、確(que)保金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)制件(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)計(ji)合(he)理(li)以及使(shi)用(yong)維(wei)護(hu)的(de)(de)安可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)，都是(shi)必不(bu)可(ke)(ke)少(shao)的(de)(de)手段(見金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)表(biao)征)。金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)基本任務(wu)是(shi)正(zheng)(zheng)確(que)地(di)選(xuan)用(yong)檢測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)儀器、裝備和(he)(he)試(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)，確(que)定(ding)合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)判據，并準確(que)而盡可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)快地(di)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)出(chu)(chu)這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)判據。 測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)方法(fa)和(he)(he)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian) 為(wei)了確(que)切(qie)表(biao)征金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)材(cai)料(liao)在使(shi)用(yong)(服(fu)役)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)下所(suo)(suo)表(biao)現的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei),力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)應(ying)盡量接近(jin)實(shi)(shi)際工(gong)(gong)(gong)作條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。除(chu)普(pu)通金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(利用(yong)試(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi))外，近(jin)年來(lai)又發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)出(chu)(chu)模(mo)擬(ni)(ni)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)，即應(ying)用(yong)機件(jian)(jian)(jian)模(mo)型(xing)，或甚(shen)至(zhi)使(shi)用(yong)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)機件(jian)(jian)(jian)，在模(mo)擬(ni)(ni)機件(jian)(jian)(jian)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)下進行(xing)(xing)(xing)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)。通過這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)所(suo)(suo)得到的(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(使(shi)用(yong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng))判據，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)更真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)反映工(gong)(gong)(gong)作條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)下金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，具(ju)有(you)重(zhong)大的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程實(shi)(shi)際意義。但是(shi)，模(mo)擬(ni)(ni)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)般缺(que)乏普(pu)遍性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，應(ying)用(yong)受到限(xian)制。然(ran)而根據具(ju)體情況，進行(xing)(xing)(xing)部(bu)分模(mo)擬(ni)(ni)服(fu)役條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)還是(shi)十分必要(yao)的(de)(de)。 試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)設(she)備、試(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)形(xing)狀、尺寸(cun)和(he)(he)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)方法(fa)、加荷速率、溫度、介質等，均影響金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)結果。只有(you)采用(yong)相(xiang)同的(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)方法(fa)標準和(he)(he)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)規程，才能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)保證金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)結果的(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)可(ke)(ke)比性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。正(zheng)(zheng)確(que)選(xuan)擇和(he)(he)執行(xing)(xing)(xing)標準，是(shi)確(que)保金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)質量的(de)(de)要(yao)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。
測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)內容 金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)是研究金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用下所(suo)表(biao)現的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為和(he)(he)(he)發(fa)生的(de)(de)(de)現象(xiang)。由于(yu)作(zuo)用力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)點(如(ru)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)類、施力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)方(fang)式和(he)(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)態等(deng)(deng))和(he)(he)(he)受力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)態所(suo)處環境的(de)(de)(de)不同，金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在受力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)后表(biao)現出各種(zhong)不同的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(如(ru)彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)、韌(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)強(qiang)度(du)等(deng)(deng))。金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)低(di)，通(tong)常用力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)判據(ju)來表(biao)征，如(ru)抗(kang)拉(la)強(qiang)度(du) 、伸長(chang)率、沖擊(ji)(ji)韌(ren)度(du)、疲勞限等(deng)(deng)。 金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)制(zhi)(zhi)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)服役(yi)條件(jian)復(fu)雜，因(yin)而，金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)條件(jian)也是復(fu)雜而多樣的(de)(de)(de)。試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)過程(cheng)需要考慮的(de)(de)(de)參數(shu)很多，常用的(de)(de)(de)有： A 溫(wen)度(du) 室溫(wen)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)溫(wen)、低(di)溫(wen)和(he)(he)(he)按(an)照定規律變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)； B 應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li) 拉(la)伸、壓(ya)(ya)縮、彎(wan)曲、扭(niu)轉、剪切、復(fu)合應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、按(an)定規律變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)隨機(ji)(ji)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)等(deng)(deng)； C 應(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian) 軸向(xiang)(xiang)、徑向(xiang)(xiang)、表(biao)面、彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)、總應(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)； D 環境 空(kong)(kong)氣、真空(kong)(kong)、控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)氣氛、腐蝕(shi)介質、海水、水蒸氣、高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)、腐蝕(shi)、核(he)輻(fu)照、宇宙空(kong)(kong)間等(deng)(deng)； E 加荷速(su)率(或應(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)速(su)率)低(di)速(su)、中(zhong)速(su)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)速(su)、超(chao)低(di)速(su)、超(chao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)速(su)等(deng)(deng)； F 應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(或應(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian))循環頻(pin)(pin)率 低(di)頻(pin)(pin)、中(zhong)頻(pin)(pin)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)頻(pin)(pin)、超(chao)低(di)頻(pin)(pin)、超(chao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)頻(pin)(pin)等(deng)(deng)； G 時(shi)(shi)間 瞬(shun)間、短時(shi)(shi)、長(chang)時(shi)(shi)、超(chao)短時(shi)(shi)、超(chao)長(chang)時(shi)(shi)； H 試(shi)(shi)(shi)樣的(de)(de)(de)尺(chi)寸和(he)(he)(he)形狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang) 般、小、大、棒狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)、板狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)、管狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)、絲狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)、薄膜(mo)、環形、C形、殊(shu)形狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)、帶缺(que)口(kou)、帶預(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)裂紋或缺(que)陷、模型、實物等(deng)(deng)。 根據(ju)上述參數(shu)，已形成下述主要的(de)(de)(de)普通(tong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)方(fang)法:抗(kang)拉(la)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、沖擊(ji)(ji)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、硬度(du)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、疲勞試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、蠕變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(持久強(qiang)度(du)和(he)(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)松(song)弛試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan))、斷裂韌(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)壓(ya)(ya)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)彎(wan)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)扭(niu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)剪試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、耐(nai)磨試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)工(gong)藝(yi)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(如(ru)杯突(tu)、擴口(kou)、反(fan)復(fu)彎(wan)曲、鋼管壓(ya)(ya)扁、鋼絲纏繞試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng)(deng))等(deng)(deng)。 金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)是門綜合性(xing)(xing)(xing)學(xue)(xue)科，它(ta)與數(shu)學(xue)(xue)、力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)、物理學(xue)(xue)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)以(yi)及無線電技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、自動(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、電子(zi)計算機(ji)(ji)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、數(shu)字顯(xian)示(shi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、電液伺服控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)-應(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)測(ce)量技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、近代(dai)無損(sun)檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、儀(yi)器儀(yi)表(biao)制(zhi)(zhi)造技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)等(deng)(deng)密切相關。60年代(dai)以(yi)來,由于(yu)這些域的(de)(de)(de)先進(jin)成就應(ying)(ying)用到(dao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)去，使金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)精度(du)、能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)自動(dong)化(hua)(hua)程(cheng)度(du)顯(xian)著(zhu)提高(gao)(gao)(gao)，基本(ben)上可(ke)實現力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)諸參數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)、測(ce)量和(he)(he)(he)記錄的(de)(de)(de)自動(dong)化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)圖(tu)表(biao)化(hua)(hua)。金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)正(zheng)向(xiang)(xiang)著(zhu)無惰性(xing)(xing)(xing)電子(zi)化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)盤(pan)自動(dong)化(hua)(hua)(廣泛應(ying)(ying)用電子(zi)計算機(ji)(ji))的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)邁進(jin)。
