金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，對研(yan)制和發展(zhan)新(xin)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)材料(liao)(liao)、改進材料(liao)(liao)質量(liang)、限度(du)發揮材料(liao)(liao)潛力(li)(選用適當的(de)(de)(de)(de)許(xu)用應(ying)(ying)力(li)、分析金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)制件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)故障、確(que)保(bao)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)制件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設計合理以及使用維(wei)護的(de)(de)(de)(de)安可(ke)(ke)(ke)靠(kao)，都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)必不可(ke)(ke)(ke)少的(de)(de)(de)(de)手段(見金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表征)。金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本任務是(shi)(shi)(shi)正(zheng)確(que)地選用檢測(ce)(ce)儀(yi)器、裝備(bei)和試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣，確(que)定合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)判據，并準(zhun)確(que)而盡可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)快地測(ce)(ce)出(chu)這(zhe)種判據。 測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方(fang)法和條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian) 為了確(que)切表征金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)材料(liao)(liao)在(zai)使用(服(fu)役)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)下(xia)所表現的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為,力(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)應(ying)(ying)盡量(liang)接近實(shi)際(ji)工(gong)作條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。除普通(tong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(利(li)用試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣進行(xing)力(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))外，近年來又發展(zhan)出(chu)模(mo)擬(ni)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)，即應(ying)(ying)用機(ji)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)模(mo)型，或甚至使用真(zhen)實(shi)機(ji)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，在(zai)模(mo)擬(ni)機(ji)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)真(zhen)實(shi)工(gong)作條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)下(xia)進行(xing)力(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)。通(tong)過(guo)這(zhe)種試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)所得(de)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(使用性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng))判據，能(neng)(neng)更真(zhen)實(shi)反映(ying)工(gong)作條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)下(xia)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)，具有重大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程實(shi)際(ji)意義。但是(shi)(shi)(shi)，模(mo)擬(ni)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)般缺(que)乏(fa)普遍性(xing)(xing)，應(ying)(ying)用受到限制。然而根據具體情況(kuang)，進行(xing)部分模(mo)擬(ni)服(fu)役條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)還是(shi)(shi)(shi)十分必要的(de)(de)(de)(de)。 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)設備(bei)、試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣形狀、尺寸和加(jia)工(gong)方(fang)法、加(jia)荷速率、溫度(du)、介質等，均影(ying)響(xiang)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結果(guo)。只(zhi)有采用相同的(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方(fang)法標準(zhun)和測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規程，才能(neng)(neng)保(bao)證金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結果(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)(xing)和可(ke)(ke)(ke)比性(xing)(xing)。正(zheng)確(que)選擇和執行(xing)標準(zhun)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)確(que)保(bao)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。
測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內容 金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)是(shi)研究金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)在力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)作用(yong)下所(suo)表(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)的(de)行(xing)為和(he)(he)發生的(de)現(xian)(xian)象。由于(yu)作用(yong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)點(如力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)種(zhong)類、施力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)方式和(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)狀態等(deng)(deng))和(he)(he)受(shou)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)狀態所(suo)處環(huan)(huan)境的(de)不同，金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)在受(shou)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)后表(biao)(biao)現(xian)(xian)出各(ge)種(zhong)不同的(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(如彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑(su)(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)等(deng)(deng))。金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)高(gao)(gao)低(di)(di)，通(tong)常用(yong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)判(pan)據(ju)(ju)來表(biao)(biao)征，如抗(kang)拉(la)強(qiang)(qiang)度(du) 、伸長率、沖擊韌度(du)、疲勞(lao)限(xian)等(deng)(deng)。 金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)制(zhi)(zhi)件(jian)的(de)服役條件(jian)復雜(za)，因而(er)，金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條件(jian)也是(shi)復雜(za)而(er)多樣的(de)。試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)過(guo)程(cheng)需要考慮的(de)參數(shu)很多，常用(yong)的(de)有： A 溫度(du) 室(shi)溫、高(gao)(gao)溫、低(di)(di)溫和(he)(he)按照定規律變(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)的(de)溫度(du)； B 應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li) 拉(la)伸、壓(ya)縮(suo)、彎(wan)曲(qu)、扭轉、剪切(qie)、復合(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、按定規律變(bian)(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)的(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)隨機(ji)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)等(deng)(deng)； C 應(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian) 軸向(xiang)、徑向(xiang)、表(biao)(biao)面(mian)、彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑(su)(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、總應(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian)； D 環(huan)(huan)境 空氣、真空、控制(zhi)(zhi)氣氛(fen)、腐蝕(shi)介質、海(hai)水、水蒸氣、高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)、腐蝕(shi)、核輻(fu)照、宇宙(zhou)空間等(deng)(deng)； E 加荷速(su)(su)率(或(huo)應(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian)速(su)(su)率)低(di)(di)速(su)(su)、中速(su)(su)、高(gao)(gao)速(su)(su)、超(chao)(chao)(chao)低(di)(di)速(su)(su)、超(chao)(chao)(chao)高(gao)(gao)速(su)(su)等(deng)(deng)； F 應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(或(huo)應(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian))循環(huan)(huan)頻率 低(di)(di)頻、中頻、高(gao)(gao)頻、超(chao)(chao)(chao)低(di)(di)頻、超(chao)(chao)(chao)高(gao)(gao)頻等(deng)(deng)； G 時間 瞬間、短時、長時、超(chao)(chao)(chao)短時、超(chao)(chao)(chao)長時； H 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣的(de)尺寸和(he)(he)形(xing)(xing)狀 般、小(xiao)、大、棒狀、板狀、管(guan)狀、絲(si)狀、薄膜、環(huan)(huan)形(xing)(xing)、C形(xing)(xing)、殊形(xing)(xing)狀、帶缺(que)口(kou)(kou)、帶預(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)裂(lie)紋或(huo)缺(que)陷、模(mo)型、實物(wu)等(deng)(deng)。 根據(ju)(ju)上(shang)述參數(shu)，已形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)下述主要的(de)普通(tong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)方法:抗(kang)拉(la)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、沖擊試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、硬度(du)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、疲勞(lao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、蠕變(bian)(bian)(bian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(持(chi)久強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)和(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)松弛試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan))、斷裂(lie)韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)壓(ya)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)彎(wan)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)扭試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)剪試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、耐磨試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)工藝試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(如杯突、擴口(kou)(kou)、反復彎(wan)曲(qu)、鋼管(guan)壓(ya)扁(bian)、鋼絲(si)纏(chan)繞試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng)(deng))等(deng)(deng)。 金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)門綜(zong)合(he)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)科，它與數(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、物(wu)理學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)以及無線電(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、自(zi)動控制(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)子計算(suan)(suan)機(ji)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、數(shu)字顯示技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)液(ye)伺服控制(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)-應(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)(bian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、近(jin)代無損檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)、儀器儀表(biao)(biao)制(zhi)(zhi)造技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)等(deng)(deng)密切(qie)相(xiang)關。60年(nian)代以來,由于(yu)這些(xie)域(yu)的(de)先(xian)進成(cheng)就應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)到金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中去，使金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)精度(du)、能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)自(zi)動化(hua)(hua)程(cheng)度(du)顯著(zhu)提高(gao)(gao)，基本上(shang)可(ke)實現(xian)(xian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)諸(zhu)參數(shu)的(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)、測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)和(he)(he)記(ji)錄的(de)自(zi)動化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)圖表(biao)(biao)化(hua)(hua)。金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)正向(xiang)著(zhu)無惰(duo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子化(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)盤自(zi)動化(hua)(hua)(廣泛(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子計算(suan)(suan)機(ji))的(de)方向(xiang)邁進。
