金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)學(xue)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，對研制和(he)(he)發(fa)展新金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)材(cai)料、改進材(cai)料質(zhi)量(liang)、限度(du)(du)發(fa)揮材(cai)料潛力(li)(選用適當(dang)的(de)(de)許用應力(li)、分析金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)制件(jian)(jian)故障(zhang)、確(que)保(bao)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)制件(jian)(jian)設計合理以及使(shi)用維護的(de)(de)安可(ke)靠，都是(shi)必(bi)不可(ke)少的(de)(de)手段(duan)(見金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)表征)。金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)基本(ben)任務(wu)是(shi)正確(que)地選用檢測(ce)(ce)儀(yi)器、裝備(bei)(bei)和(he)(he)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣，確(que)定合理的(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)判據(ju)(ju)，并(bing)準(zhun)確(que)而(er)盡(jin)(jin)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)快地測(ce)(ce)出這種判據(ju)(ju)。 測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian) 為(wei)了確(que)切(qie)表征金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)材(cai)料在使(shi)用(服(fu)役)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)下(xia)所表現的(de)(de)行為(wei),力(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)應盡(jin)(jin)量(liang)接近實(shi)際工(gong)作(zuo)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)。除普(pu)通金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(利用試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣進行力(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))外(wai)，近年來又發(fa)展出模(mo)(mo)擬試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)，即應用機件(jian)(jian)模(mo)(mo)型，或甚至使(shi)用真(zhen)實(shi)機件(jian)(jian)，在模(mo)(mo)擬機件(jian)(jian)真(zhen)實(shi)工(gong)作(zuo)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)下(xia)進行力(li)學(xue)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)。通過(guo)這種試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)所得(de)到的(de)(de)力(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(使(shi)用性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng))判據(ju)(ju)，能(neng)(neng)(neng)更真(zhen)實(shi)反映(ying)工(gong)作(zuo)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)下(xia)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，具(ju)有(you)重大的(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)實(shi)際意義(yi)。但是(shi)，模(mo)(mo)擬試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)般(ban)缺乏普(pu)遍性(xing)(xing)(xing)，應用受到限制。然(ran)而(er)根據(ju)(ju)具(ju)體情況，進行部分模(mo)(mo)擬服(fu)役條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)力(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)還是(shi)十分必(bi)要的(de)(de)。 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)設備(bei)(bei)、試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣形狀、尺(chi)寸和(he)(he)加(jia)工(gong)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)、加(jia)荷速率、溫度(du)(du)、介質(zhi)等，均影響金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結果。只有(you)采用相同的(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)標準(zhun)和(he)(he)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規(gui)程(cheng)，才(cai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)保(bao)證(zheng)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結果的(de)(de)可(ke)靠性(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)可(ke)比性(xing)(xing)(xing)。正確(que)選擇和(he)(he)執行標準(zhun)，是(shi)確(que)保(bao)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)要條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)。
測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)容 金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)的(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)是研(yan)究(jiu)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)在力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)作用(yong)下所表(biao)(biao)現(xian)的(de)行為和(he)(he)(he)發生的(de)現(xian)象。由于作用(yong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)點(dian)(如力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)種(zhong)類、施力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)方式和(he)(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)態等(deng)(deng)(deng))和(he)(he)(he)受力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)態所處環(huan)(huan)境的(de)不同(tong)，金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)在受力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)后表(biao)(biao)現(xian)出(chu)各種(zhong)不同(tong)的(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(如彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)、韌(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)強(qiang)度等(deng)(deng)(deng))。金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)的(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)的(de)高(gao)低(di)(di)，通常(chang)用(yong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)判據(ju)來表(biao)(biao)征，如抗(kang)拉(la)強(qiang)度 、伸長率(lv)、沖(chong)(chong)擊韌(ren)度、疲勞限等(deng)(deng)(deng)。 金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)制件的(de)服(fu)役(yi)條(tiao)件復雜(za)，因而，金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)件也是復雜(za)而多樣的(de)。試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)過程(cheng)需要考(kao)慮的(de)參數(shu)(shu)很多，常(chang)用(yong)的(de)有(you)： A 溫度 室溫、高(gao)溫、低(di)(di)溫和(he)(he)(he)按(an)照定規(gui)律(lv)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)溫度； B 應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li) 拉(la)伸、壓縮、彎(wan)曲、扭(niu)轉、剪切、復合應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、按(an)定規(gui)律(lv)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)隨機應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)等(deng)(deng)(deng)； C 應(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian) 軸向(xiang)、徑(jing)向(xiang)、表(biao)(biao)面(mian)、彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)、總應(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)； D 環(huan)(huan)境 空(kong)氣、真空(kong)、控(kong)制氣氛、腐蝕介(jie)質、海水(shui)、水(shui)蒸氣、高(gao)壓、腐蝕、核輻照、宇(yu)宙空(kong)間(jian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)； E 加荷速率(lv)(或(huo)應(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)速率(lv))低(di)(di)速、中(zhong)速、高(gao)速、超(chao)(chao)低(di)(di)速、超(chao)(chao)高(gao)速等(deng)(deng)(deng)； F 應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(或(huo)應(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian))循(xun)環(huan)(huan)頻(pin)(pin)率(lv) 低(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)、中(zhong)頻(pin)(pin)、高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)、超(chao)(chao)低(di)(di)頻(pin)(pin)、超(chao)(chao)高(gao)頻(pin)(pin)等(deng)(deng)(deng)； G 時(shi)間(jian) 瞬間(jian)、短時(shi)、長時(shi)、超(chao)(chao)短時(shi)、超(chao)(chao)長時(shi)； H 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣的(de)尺寸(cun)和(he)(he)(he)形(xing)狀(zhuang) 般、小、大、棒(bang)狀(zhuang)、板狀(zhuang)、管狀(zhuang)、絲(si)狀(zhuang)、薄膜、環(huan)(huan)形(xing)、C形(xing)、殊形(xing)狀(zhuang)、帶缺(que)口、帶預制裂紋或(huo)缺(que)陷、模(mo)型、實物等(deng)(deng)(deng)。 根據(ju)上述參數(shu)(shu)，已形(xing)成下述主要的(de)普通力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)方法:抗(kang)拉(la)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、沖(chong)(chong)擊試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、硬(ying)度試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、疲勞試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、蠕變(bian)(bian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(持久(jiu)強(qiang)度和(he)(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)松弛試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan))、斷裂韌(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)壓試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)彎(wan)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)扭(niu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)剪試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、耐磨試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)工藝試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(如杯突(tu)、擴口、反復彎(wan)曲、鋼管壓扁、鋼絲(si)纏繞試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng)(deng)(deng))等(deng)(deng)(deng)。 金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是門綜合性(xing)(xing)(xing)學(xue)(xue)(xue)科，它(ta)與(yu)數(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)、力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)、物理學(xue)(xue)(xue)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)以及(ji)無(wu)線電(dian)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、自(zi)動控(kong)制技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、電(dian)子(zi)計算(suan)機技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、數(shu)(shu)字顯示技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、電(dian)液伺(si)服(fu)控(kong)制技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)-應(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)測(ce)量技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、近代(dai)無(wu)損檢驗(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、儀(yi)器(qi)儀(yi)表(biao)(biao)制造技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)密切相關(guan)。60年(nian)代(dai)以來,由于這些域的(de)先進(jin)成就(jiu)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)到金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)去，使金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)精度、能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)自(zi)動化(hua)(hua)(hua)程(cheng)度顯著提高(gao)，基本上可實現(xian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)諸參數(shu)(shu)的(de)控(kong)制、測(ce)量和(he)(he)(he)記錄的(de)自(zi)動化(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)圖表(biao)(biao)化(hua)(hua)(hua)。金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)正(zheng)向(xiang)著無(wu)惰(duo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)電(dian)子(zi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)盤自(zi)動化(hua)(hua)(hua)(廣泛應(ying)(ying)用(yong)電(dian)子(zi)計算(suan)機)的(de)方向(xiang)邁進(jin)。
