金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，對(dui)研制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)發展(zhan)新(xin)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)材料(liao)、改進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)材料(liao)質量(liang)(liang)、限(xian)度發揮材料(liao)潛力(li)(li)(li)(li)(選用適當(dang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)許用應力(li)(li)(li)(li)、分(fen)(fen)析金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)制(zhi)(zhi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)故障(zhang)、確(que)(que)保(bao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)制(zhi)(zhi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設計合理(li)以及使(shi)(shi)用維護的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安可(ke)靠(kao)，都是(shi)必不可(ke)少的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手段(見金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表征)。金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本任(ren)務是(shi)正(zheng)確(que)(que)地選用檢測(ce)(ce)儀器、裝(zhuang)備和(he)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)，確(que)(que)定合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)判據(ju)，并準(zhun)(zhun)確(que)(que)而盡(jin)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)快地測(ce)(ce)出(chu)(chu)這種判據(ju)。 測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方法和(he)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian) 為(wei)(wei)了確(que)(que)切表征金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)材料(liao)在使(shi)(shi)用(服役)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)下所(suo)表現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行為(wei)(wei),力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)應盡(jin)量(liang)(liang)接(jie)近實(shi)際工(gong)作(zuo)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。除普通(tong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(利用試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))外，近年來又(you)發展(zhan)出(chu)(chu)模擬(ni)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)，即應用機(ji)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)模型(xing)，或甚至使(shi)(shi)用真實(shi)機(ji)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，在模擬(ni)機(ji)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)真實(shi)工(gong)作(zuo)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)下進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)。通(tong)過這種試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)所(suo)得到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(使(shi)(shi)用性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng))判據(ju)，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)更真實(shi)反映工(gong)作(zuo)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)下金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，具(ju)有重(zhong)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程實(shi)際意義。但是(shi)，模擬(ni)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)般缺乏普遍性(xing)(xing)，應用受到限(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)。然而根(gen)據(ju)具(ju)體情況，進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行部分(fen)(fen)模擬(ni)服役條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)還(huan)是(shi)十分(fen)(fen)必要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)設備、試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)形狀、尺寸和(he)加(jia)工(gong)方法、加(jia)荷(he)速(su)率、溫度、介質等，均影響金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結(jie)果。只(zhi)有采用相同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方法標準(zhun)(zhun)和(he)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規程，才能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)保(bao)證金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結(jie)果的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)(xing)和(he)可(ke)比性(xing)(xing)。正(zheng)確(que)(que)選擇和(he)執行標準(zhun)(zhun)，是(shi)確(que)(que)保(bao)金(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。
測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內容 金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)是研(yan)究(jiu)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)在力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)下所(suo)(suo)表(biao)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行為(wei)和(he)(he)發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象。由于作用(yong)(yong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)點(如(ru)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)類(lei)、施力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)式和(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)態等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng))和(he)(he)受力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)態所(suo)(suo)處環(huan)(huan)境的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同，金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)在受力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)后表(biao)現(xian)出各種(zhong)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(如(ru)彈性(xing)、塑性(xing)、韌性(xing)和(he)(he)強(qiang)度等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng))。金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)低(di)，通(tong)常用(yong)(yong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)判據(ju)來(lai)表(biao)征，如(ru)抗拉(la)強(qiang)度 、伸(shen)長(chang)(chang)率、沖擊韌度、疲勞限等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。 金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)制(zhi)(zhi)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)服役條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)復(fu)雜，因而，金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)也是復(fu)雜而多(duo)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)過(guo)程需要(yao)考(kao)慮(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參數很(hen)多(duo)，常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)： A 溫度 室溫、高(gao)(gao)溫、低(di)溫和(he)(he)按照(zhao)定規(gui)律變(bian)(bian)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫度； B 應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li) 拉(la)伸(shen)、壓縮、彎曲(qu)、扭轉、剪切、復(fu)合(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、按定規(gui)律變(bian)(bian)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)隨機應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)； C 應(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian) 軸向(xiang)(xiang)、徑向(xiang)(xiang)、表(biao)面、彈性(xing)、塑性(xing)、總應(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)； D 環(huan)(huan)境 空氣、真(zhen)空、控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)氣氛、腐(fu)蝕(shi)介質、海水、水蒸(zheng)氣、高(gao)(gao)壓、腐(fu)蝕(shi)、核輻(fu)照(zhao)、宇宙空間(jian)(jian)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)； E 加荷速率(或應(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)速率)低(di)速、中(zhong)速、高(gao)(gao)速、超低(di)速、超高(gao)(gao)速等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)； F 應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(或應(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian))循環(huan)(huan)頻率 低(di)頻、中(zhong)頻、高(gao)(gao)頻、超低(di)頻、超高(gao)(gao)頻等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)； G 時間(jian)(jian) 瞬(shun)間(jian)(jian)、短(duan)時、長(chang)(chang)時、超短(duan)時、超長(chang)(chang)時； H 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尺(chi)寸和(he)(he)形狀(zhuang) 般、小、大、棒(bang)狀(zhuang)、板狀(zhuang)、管狀(zhuang)、絲狀(zhuang)、薄(bo)膜、環(huan)(huan)形、C形、殊形狀(zhuang)、帶缺口、帶預制(zhi)(zhi)裂紋(wen)或缺陷、模型、實物等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。 根據(ju)上述(shu)參數，已形成(cheng)下述(shu)主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普通(tong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方(fang)(fang)法:抗拉(la)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)、沖擊試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)、硬(ying)度試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)、疲勞試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)、蠕變(bian)(bian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(持久強(qiang)度和(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)松(song)弛(chi)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan))、斷裂韌性(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)、抗壓試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)、抗彎試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)、抗扭試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)、抗剪試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)、耐磨試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)、金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)工藝試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(如(ru)杯(bei)突、擴口、反復(fu)彎曲(qu)、鋼管壓扁、鋼絲纏繞試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng))等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)。 金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是門(men)綜合(he)性(xing)學(xue)(xue)科，它與數學(xue)(xue)、力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)、物理(li)學(xue)(xue)、金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)以(yi)及(ji)無線電(dian)技(ji)術(shu)、自(zi)動(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)術(shu)、電(dian)子計算(suan)機技(ji)術(shu)、數字顯(xian)示技(ji)術(shu)、電(dian)液伺服控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)術(shu)、應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)-應(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)測(ce)量(liang)技(ji)術(shu)、近(jin)代無損(sun)檢驗(yan)技(ji)術(shu)、儀器儀表(biao)制(zhi)(zhi)造技(ji)術(shu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)密切相(xiang)關。60年代以(yi)來(lai),由于這些域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先(xian)進成(cheng)就應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)到金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)去，使金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精度、能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)自(zi)動(dong)化程度顯(xian)著提高(gao)(gao)，基本上可(ke)實現(xian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)諸參數的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)、測(ce)量(liang)和(he)(he)記錄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)動(dong)化和(he)(he)圖表(biao)化。金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)術(shu)正向(xiang)(xiang)著無惰(duo)性(xing)電(dian)子化和(he)(he)盤(pan)自(zi)動(dong)化(廣泛應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)子計算(suan)機)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)邁(mai)進。
