靜電(dian)(dian)是指工(gong)業靜電(dian)(dian)，即在生產、儲運過程(cheng)中在物(wu)料、裝置、人體(ti)、器(qi)材和構筑物(wu)上產生和積(ji)累起來的靜電(dian)(dian)。

  兩種不同性質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)體(ti)(ti)相互摩(mo)擦(ca)，緊(jin)密接觸或迅速(su)剝離(li)都(dou)會(hui)產生(sheng)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，其(qi)是一(yi)(yi)(yi)個物(wu)體(ti)(ti)失去電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)帶有正電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)(he)，另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個物(wu)體(ti)(ti)得到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)帶負電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)(he)。如(ru)果該物(wu)體(ti)(ti)與大(da)地絕(jue)緣，則電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)(he)無(wu)法泄(xie)漏(lou)，停留在(zai)(zai)物(wu)體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)部或表面而呈(cheng)相對靜(jing)(jing)(jing)止狀態，這種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)(he)(he)就稱靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。可燃化工物(wu)料、油(you)品(pin)等在(zai)(zai)收(shou)發、輸轉、灌裝過(guo)程中，物(wu)料分子(zi)之(zhi)間(jian)和其(qi)他(ta)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)摩(mo)擦(ca)，會(hui)產生(sheng)靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，其(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)隨著摩(mo)擦(ca)的(de)(de)(de)加劇而增大(da)，如(ru)不及(ji)時(shi)(shi)導(dao)除(chu)，當(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)增高到一(yi)(yi)(yi)定程度(du)時(shi)(shi)，就會(hui)在(zai)(zai)兩帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)體(ti)(ti)之(zhi)間(jian)閃火(huo)（即靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)）而引(yin)起油(you)品(pin)爆炸著火(huo)。靜(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)越高越容易放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

  電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)高(gao)(gao)低(di)或靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷量大小主(zhu)要與下列因素(su)有關：管道(dao)內介質流速越(yue)(yue)快，摩(mo)擦(ca)越(yue)(yue)劇烈(lie)，產(chan)(chan)生靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)越(yue)(yue)高(gao)(gao)；空(kong)氣(qi)越(yue)(yue)干燥，靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)越(yue)(yue)不容(rong)易從空(kong)氣(qi)中消除，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)越(yue)(yue)容(rong)易升高(gao)(gao)；管道(dao)內壁越(yue)(yue)粗(cu)糙，油品流經的(de)彎(wan)頭(tou)閥門越(yue)(yue)多(duo)，產(chan)(chan)生靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)越(yue)(yue)高(gao)(gao)；油品含(han)水時，比不含(han)水分(fen)產(chan)(chan)生的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高(gao)(gao)幾倍(bei)到幾十倍(bei)；非金(jin)屬管道(dao)，如橡膠、塑料等管道(dao)比金(jin)屬管道(dao)更(geng)容(rong)易產(chan)(chan)生靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；管道(dao)上濾(lv)網其(qi)柵網越(yue)(yue)密，產(chan)(chan)生靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)越(yue)(yue)高(gao)(gao)。綢氈過(guo)濾(lv)網產(chan)(chan)生的(de)靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)更(geng)高(gao)(gao)；空(kong)氣(qi)的(de)溫(wen)度較高(gao)(gao)（22～40℃），空(kong)氣(qi)的(de)相對濕度在13％～24％時，極(ji)易產(chan)(chan)生靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)；在相同條件下，輕質燃料油比潤滑油易產(chan)(chan)生靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

  靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)危害有三種：一是可(ke)能(neng)引起(qi)爆(bao)炸(zha)和火災，靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)能(neng)量雖然(ran)不(bu)(bu)大，但因其電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)很高且易(yi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)出現(xian)靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)火花(hua)；二(er)是可(ke)能(neng)產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)擊，靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產生(sheng)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)擊雖然(ran)不(bu)(bu)會致人死(si)亡，但是往(wang)往(wang)會導致二(er)次事故，因此也要(yao)加以防范；三是可(ke)能(neng)影(ying)響生(sheng)產，在(zai)生(sheng)產中，靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)有可(ke)能(neng)會影(ying)響儀器設備的(de)正常運行或(huo)降(jiang)低產品的(de)質量。此外，靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)還會引起(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子自動元件的(de)誤操作(zuo)。