一、供熱(re)系(xi)統與介質
集(ji)(ji)中供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)是指(zhi)一個(ge)或多(duo)個(ge)集(ji)(ji)中的(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源，通過供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)管(guan)網(wang)向多(duo)個(ge)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)用戶(hu)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)能(neng)的(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)，它主要由熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源、熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)網(wang)和熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)用戶(hu)組成。其中熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源是指(zhi)將(jiang)天然或人造(zao)的(de)(de)能(neng)源形態轉化為符合供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)要求的(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)能(neng)裝置。熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)網(wang)是指(zhi)由熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源向熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)用戶(hu)輸(shu)送和分(fen)(fen)配供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)介(jie)質(zhi)的(de)(de)管(guan)道系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)，熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)用戶(hu)是指(zhi)從熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源獲(huo)得熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)能(neng)的(de)(de)用熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)裝置。集(ji)(ji)中供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)方式(shi)有三種，可以根(gen)據熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源分(fen)(fen)類(lei)、根(gen)據熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)媒分(fen)(fen)類(lei)、根(gen)據供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)管(guan)網(wang)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)。集(ji)(ji)中供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)按熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源形式(shi)的(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)可分(fen)(fen)為：熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)電廠供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)、區域鍋爐房供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)、地熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)、工業余熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)、核(he)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)堆和太(tai)陽能(neng)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)等。集(ji)(ji)中供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)根(gen)據熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)媒不(bu)同(tong)分(fen)(fen)為蒸汽供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)和熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)水(shui)供(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)。
熱(re)(re)水熱(re)(re)力網供(gong)熱(re)(re)介質(zhi)設(she)(she)計壓(ya)(ya)力小(xiao)于(yu)或(huo)等(deng)(deng)于(yu)2.5MPa，設(she)(she)計溫度小(xiao)于(yu)或(huo)等(deng)(deng)于(yu)200℃；蒸汽(qi)熱(re)(re)力網供(gong)熱(re)(re)介質(zhi)設(she)(she)計壓(ya)(ya)力小(xiao)于(yu)或(huo)等(deng)(deng)于(yu)1.6MPa，設(she)(she)計溫度小(xiao)于(yu)或(huo)等(deng)(deng)于(yu)350℃。
對民(min)用建筑物采暖、通風、空調(diao)及生活(huo)熱水熱負荷供熱的城市熱力網，宜采用水作(zuo)供熱介質。
對(dui)生(sheng)產(chan)工(gong)藝(yi)熱(re)(re)負荷和采(cai)(cai)暖(nuan)、通風(feng)、空(kong)調、生(sheng)活熱(re)(re)水熱(re)(re)負荷供(gong)熱(re)(re)的城市熱(re)(re)力網供(gong)熱(re)(re)介(jie)(jie)(jie)質(zhi)按下(xia)列(lie)原則確定(ding)：當生(sheng)產(chan)工(gong)藝(yi)熱(re)(re)負荷為(wei)主要負荷，且必須采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)蒸(zheng)汽供(gong)熱(re)(re)時(shi)(shi)，宜(yi)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)蒸(zheng)汽作(zuo)供(gong)熱(re)(re)介(jie)(jie)(jie)質(zhi)；當以水位(wei)供(gong)熱(re)(re)介(jie)(jie)(jie)質(zhi)能夠(gou)滿足生(sheng)產(chan)工(gong)藝(yi)需要（包括在用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶處轉(zhuan)換為(wei)蒸(zheng)汽），且技術(shu)經(jing)濟合(he)理(li)(li)時(shi)(shi)，宜(yi)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水作(zuo)供(gong)熱(re)(re)介(jie)(jie)(jie)質(zhi)；當采(cai)(cai)暖(nuan)、通風(feng)、空(kong)調熱(re)(re)負荷為(wei)主要負荷，生(sheng)產(chan)工(gong)藝(yi)又必須采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)蒸(zheng)汽供(gong)熱(re)(re)，經(jing)技術(shu)經(jing)濟比(bi)較認為(wei)合(he)理(li)(li)時(shi)(shi)，可采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水和蒸(zheng)汽兩種供(gong)熱(re)(re)介(jie)(jie)(jie)質(zhi)。
1. 國家現行標準GJJ／T 34《城鎮供(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)管網設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)規范》適用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)供(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)熱(re)(re)(re)水介(jie)質(zhi)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)壓(ya)力(li)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)或(huo)等(deng)(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)2.5MPa，設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)溫度小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)或(huo)等(deng)(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)200℃；供(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)蒸汽介(jie)質(zhi)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)壓(ya)力(li)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)或(huo)等(deng)(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)1.6MPa，設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)溫度小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)或(huo)等(deng)(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)350℃的(de)(de)下列城鎮供(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)管網的(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)：以熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)廠或(huo)鍋爐(lu)房為熱(re)(re)(re)源(yuan)，自熱(re)(re)(re)切至建(jian)筑物熱(re)(re)(re)力(li)人口的(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)管網，供(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)管網新(xin)建(jian)、擴建(jian)或(huo)改建(jian)的(de)(de)管道、中斷(duan)泵站和熱(re)(re)(re)力(li)站等(deng)(deng)工藝系統。
2. 國(guo)家(jia)現行標(biao)準GJJ／T 81《城鎮(zhen)供(gong)熱直埋(mai)熱水(shui)管(guan)道技術(shu)規程(cheng)》適(shi)用于(yu)新建(jian)、改建(jian)、擴建(jian)的設計溫度小于(yu)或等于(yu)150℃、設計壓力小于(yu)或等于(yu)2.5MPa，DN小于(yu)或等于(yu)1200mm的城鎮(zhen)供(gong)熱直埋(mai)熱水(shui)管(guan)道的設計、施工、驗收和(he)運行管(guan)理。
3. 國(guo)家現行(xing)標準GJJ／T 104《城鎮供熱(re)直埋(mai)蒸汽管(guan)道(dao)技術規程》適用于(yu)(yu)工作壓(ya)力(li)小于(yu)(yu)或等于(yu)(yu)2.5MPa，溫(wen)度小于(yu)(yu)或等于(yu)(yu)350℃，直接(jie)埋(mai)地敷設(she)的(de)(de)鋼質外(wai)護蒸汽保溫(wen)管(guan)道(dao)的(de)(de)設(she)計、施工、驗收(shou)及運行(xing)維護。
二(er)、熱力網(wang)的(de)形(xing)式
供熱管(guan)(guan)網按其平面布(bu)置形式(shi)可分為枝狀管(guan)(guan)網、環(huan)狀管(guan)(guan)網和多管(guan)(guan)制管(guan)(guan)網。其特(te)點是(shi)：
1. 枝狀管網
從熱(re)源(yuan)引出主(zhu)干(gan)線(xian)沿城鎮道路向各(ge)熱(re)用(yong)戶(hu)供熱(re)，形成類似樹枝(zhi)(zhi)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)的管(guan)網(wang)叫(jiao)枝(zhi)(zhi)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)管(guan)網(wang)。枝(zhi)(zhi)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)管(guan)網(wang)是(shi)目前我(wo)國(guo)城鎮供熱(re)中(zhong)普遍(bian)采用(yong)的形式，它形式簡單、投資費用(yong)低，且運行(xing)管(guan)理方便，但(dan)安全可靠性較(jiao)差，當管(guan)網(wang)中(zhong)距離熱(re)源(yuan)較(jiao)近的主(zhu)干(gan)線(xian)發生故(gu)障時，會影響較(jiao)多(duo)的熱(re)用(yong)戶(hu)用(yong)熱(re)。
2. 環(huan)狀(zhuang)管網(wang)
供熱管網的主干(gan)線之間在(zai)適當位(wei)置連通構成環(huan)形，環(huan)狀管網運(yun)行較(jiao)安全(quan)可靠(kao)，局部發生(sheng)故障可通過環(huan)網供熱。但投(tou)資費用(yong)高(gao)。
3. 多管制管網(wang)
一般用(yong)于以(yi)下(xia)情(qing)況：不能間斷的熱(re)用(yong)戶；供熱(re)系統中熱(re)用(yong)戶所(suo)需(xu)介質參數差別(bie)較大；熱(re)負(fu)荷變化(hua)較大：季節(jie)性熱(re)負(fu)荷占全(quan)年總負(fu)荷比(bi)例較大。
三(san)、熱水(shui)熱力網形式的(de)確定
熱(re)(re)(re)(re)水熱(re)(re)(re)(re)力(li)(li)網(wang)(wang)宜采用(yong)閉(bi)式雙管(guan)制。以熱(re)(re)(re)(re)電廠為熱(re)(re)(re)(re)源的熱(re)(re)(re)(re)水熱(re)(re)(re)(re)力(li)(li)網(wang)(wang)，同時(shi)有工藝、采暖、通風、空調(diao)、生活熱(re)(re)(re)(re)水多(duo)種熱(re)(re)(re)(re)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)，在生產工藝熱(re)(re)(re)(re)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)與(yu)采暖熱(re)(re)(re)(re)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)所需供(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)介質參數相差(cha)較(jiao)大，或季節性熱(re)(re)(re)(re)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)占總熱(re)(re)(re)(re)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)比例較(jiao)大，且技術經(jing)濟合理時(shi)，可采用(yong)閉(bi)式多(duo)管(guan)制。
當(dang)熱水(shui)(shui)熱力(li)網具有(you)水(shui)(shui)處(chu)理費(fei)用較低的豐富的補給水(shui)(shui)資源，且技(ji)術經濟合理時，可采用開(kai)式熱力(li)網。
當熱水(shui)熱力網(wang)具有與生活熱水(shui)熱負(fu)荷相適應的(de)廉價(jia)低位能熱源，且技術經濟合理時(shi)，可采用(yong)開式(shi)熱水(shui)網(wang)。
開(kai)式熱(re)水熱(re)力(li)網在(zai)生活熱(re)水熱(re)負荷足夠大且技術(shu)經濟合(he)理時，可不(bu)設回(hui)水管。
四、蒸汽(qi)熱力網形式(shi)的(de)確定
蒸(zheng)汽熱(re)力(li)網(wang)宜采(cai)用(yong)單管制(zhi)。當各用(yong)戶間(jian)所需蒸(zheng)汽參數相差較(jiao)(jiao)大或季節性熱(re)負(fu)荷占(zhan)總熱(re)負(fu)荷比例(li)較(jiao)(jiao)大且(qie)技術經濟合理(li)時，蒸(zheng)汽熱(re)力(li)網(wang)可采(cai)用(yong)雙管或多管制(zhi)。
蒸汽熱(re)(re)力網的(de)熱(re)(re)負荷分期(qi)增(zeng)長時(shi)(shi)，可采用雙管或多管制。蒸汽供熱(re)(re)系統應(ying)創(chuang)造條件(jian)采用間接換熱(re)(re)系統。當(dang)被加熱(re)(re)介質泄漏(lou)不會產生危害時(shi)(shi)，其凝結(jie)水應(ying)全部回(hui)收并設置凝結(jie)水管道。
當凝(ning)(ning)(ning)結水回(hui)收時，用戶熱力站應(ying)設(she)閉式(shi)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)結水箱，用水泵將凝(ning)(ning)(ning)結水送(song)回(hui)熱源。
五、多(duo)供熱源熱力網(wang)形(xing)式的確定(ding)
供熱建筑面積大于1000×104㎡的供熱系統應采用多熱源供熱，且各熱源熱力干線應連通。在技術經濟合理時，熱力網干線可連接成環狀管網。對供熱可靠性有特殊要求的用戶，有條件時應由兩個熱源供熱，或者設自備熱源。
