一、供熱(re)系統與介質(zhi)
集(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)是(shi)指(zhi)一(yi)個或(huo)多個集(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)的熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，通過供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)管(guan)網(wang)(wang)向多個熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)供(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)能(neng)(neng)的系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，它主要由(you)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)網(wang)(wang)和(he)(he)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)組成。其中(zhong)(zhong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)是(shi)指(zhi)將天(tian)然(ran)或(huo)人(ren)造(zao)的能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形態轉化(hua)為(wei)符(fu)合(he)供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)要求的熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)能(neng)(neng)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)網(wang)(wang)是(shi)指(zhi)由(you)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)向熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)輸送和(he)(he)分(fen)(fen)配供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)介(jie)質的管(guan)道系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)是(shi)指(zhi)從熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)獲得(de)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)能(neng)(neng)的用(yong)(yong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。集(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)分(fen)(fen)類方式有(you)三種，可以(yi)根(gen)(gen)據熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)分(fen)(fen)類、根(gen)(gen)據熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)媒分(fen)(fen)類、根(gen)(gen)據供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)管(guan)網(wang)(wang)分(fen)(fen)類。集(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)按(an)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形式的不(bu)同(tong)可分(fen)(fen)為(wei)：熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)電廠供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)、區域鍋爐房供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)、地熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)、工業余熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)、核供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)堆和(he)(he)太陽能(neng)(neng)供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)等。集(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)根(gen)(gen)據熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)媒不(bu)同(tong)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)蒸(zheng)汽(qi)供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)和(he)(he)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)水供(gong)(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)。
熱(re)水熱(re)力(li)網(wang)供(gong)熱(re)介質設計(ji)壓力(li)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)或等(deng)(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)2.5MPa，設計(ji)溫度(du)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)或等(deng)(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)200℃；蒸汽熱(re)力(li)網(wang)供(gong)熱(re)介質設計(ji)壓力(li)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)或等(deng)(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)1.6MPa，設計(ji)溫度(du)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)或等(deng)(deng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)350℃。
對(dui)民用(yong)建筑物采暖、通風、空調及生活熱(re)水熱(re)負荷(he)供熱(re)的城市熱(re)力網，宜采用(yong)水作供熱(re)介質。
對生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)工(gong)藝熱(re)(re)負(fu)荷(he)和(he)采暖(nuan)、通(tong)風、空調、生(sheng)活熱(re)(re)水(shui)(shui)熱(re)(re)負(fu)荷(he)供(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)的城市熱(re)(re)力網供(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)介(jie)質(zhi)按下列原則確定：當生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)工(gong)藝熱(re)(re)負(fu)荷(he)為主(zhu)要負(fu)荷(he)，且必須采用(yong)蒸(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)供(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)時，宜采用(yong)蒸(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)作供(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)介(jie)質(zhi)；當以水(shui)(shui)位供(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)介(jie)質(zhi)能夠滿足(zu)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)工(gong)藝需要（包(bao)括(kuo)在用(yong)戶(hu)處轉換為蒸(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)），且技術經(jing)濟合理(li)(li)時，宜采用(yong)水(shui)(shui)作供(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)介(jie)質(zhi)；當采暖(nuan)、通(tong)風、空調熱(re)(re)負(fu)荷(he)為主(zhu)要負(fu)荷(he)，生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)工(gong)藝又必須采用(yong)蒸(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)供(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)，經(jing)技術經(jing)濟比較認為合理(li)(li)時，可采用(yong)水(shui)(shui)和(he)蒸(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)兩種供(gong)(gong)熱(re)(re)介(jie)質(zhi)。
1. 國(guo)家現行標(biao)準GJJ／T 34《城鎮供(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)管網設(she)計(ji)規范》適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)供(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)水介(jie)質設(she)計(ji)壓力小(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)或(huo)等于(yu)2.5MPa，設(she)計(ji)溫度小(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)或(huo)等于(yu)200℃；供(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)蒸汽(qi)介(jie)質設(she)計(ji)壓力小(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)或(huo)等于(yu)1.6MPa，設(she)計(ji)溫度小(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)或(huo)等于(yu)350℃的下列城鎮供(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)管網的設(she)計(ji)：以熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)廠(chang)或(huo)鍋爐房為熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)源，自熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)切至(zhi)建筑物熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)力人口的供(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)管網，供(gong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)管網新建、擴建或(huo)改建的管道、中斷泵站和熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)力站等工(gong)藝系統(tong)。
2. 國(guo)家(jia)現行標準(zhun)GJJ／T 81《城(cheng)鎮(zhen)供熱直埋熱水管道技術(shu)規(gui)程(cheng)》適用于(yu)新(xin)建(jian)(jian)、改建(jian)(jian)、擴建(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)計溫度小于(yu)或等(deng)于(yu)150℃、設(she)計壓(ya)力(li)小于(yu)或等(deng)于(yu)2.5MPa，DN小于(yu)或等(deng)于(yu)1200mm的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)鎮(zhen)供熱直埋熱水管道的(de)(de)(de)設(she)計、施(shi)工、驗收和(he)運行管理。
3. 國家現行標準GJJ／T 104《城(cheng)鎮供熱(re)直埋(mai)蒸(zheng)汽管道技術規程》適用于(yu)(yu)工作(zuo)壓(ya)力小于(yu)(yu)或等(deng)于(yu)(yu)2.5MPa，溫度小于(yu)(yu)或等(deng)于(yu)(yu)350℃，直接(jie)埋(mai)地(di)敷設的鋼質(zhi)外(wai)護(hu)(hu)蒸(zheng)汽保溫管道的設計、施工、驗收及運行維(wei)護(hu)(hu)。
二、熱力網的形式
供熱管網(wang)(wang)按其平面(mian)布置形式可(ke)分(fen)為枝狀管網(wang)(wang)、環(huan)狀管網(wang)(wang)和(he)多管制管網(wang)(wang)。其特點是：
1. 枝(zhi)狀(zhuang)管網
從熱(re)(re)(re)源引(yin)出主(zhu)干線(xian)沿(yan)城(cheng)鎮(zhen)道路(lu)向各熱(re)(re)(re)用(yong)戶供熱(re)(re)(re)，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)類似(si)樹(shu)枝(zhi)狀的管網(wang)叫枝(zhi)狀管網(wang)。枝(zhi)狀管網(wang)是目(mu)前我國城(cheng)鎮(zhen)供熱(re)(re)(re)中普(pu)遍采用(yong)的形(xing)(xing)式，它(ta)形(xing)(xing)式簡(jian)單、投資費(fei)用(yong)低(di)，且運(yun)行管理方便，但(dan)安全(quan)可靠(kao)性較(jiao)差，當管網(wang)中距(ju)離熱(re)(re)(re)源較(jiao)近(jin)的主(zhu)干線(xian)發生(sheng)故障時，會影響較(jiao)多的熱(re)(re)(re)用(yong)戶用(yong)熱(re)(re)(re)。
2. 環(huan)狀管網(wang)
供熱(re)管網(wang)的主干線之(zhi)間在適(shi)當位(wei)置連(lian)通(tong)構成環(huan)形，環(huan)狀(zhuang)管網(wang)運行較(jiao)安全可(ke)靠(kao)，局(ju)部發生故障(zhang)可(ke)通(tong)過環(huan)網(wang)供熱(re)。但投資(zi)費用高。
3. 多(duo)管(guan)制(zhi)管(guan)網(wang)
一(yi)般用于(yu)以下情況：不能間斷(duan)的熱(re)用戶(hu)；供熱(re)系(xi)統中(zhong)熱(re)用戶(hu)所(suo)需介質參數差(cha)別(bie)較大；熱(re)負荷(he)變化較大：季節性(xing)熱(re)負荷(he)占全年總負荷(he)比(bi)例(li)較大。
三、熱水熱力網(wang)形式的確定
熱水(shui)熱力網(wang)宜采(cai)(cai)用閉式雙管制(zhi)。以熱電廠為(wei)熱源的熱水(shui)熱力網(wang)，同時(shi)有工(gong)藝、采(cai)(cai)暖、通(tong)風、空調、生活熱水(shui)多種熱負(fu)荷(he)，在生產工(gong)藝熱負(fu)荷(he)與(yu)采(cai)(cai)暖熱負(fu)荷(he)所需供熱介質參數相差較大(da)，或季節性熱負(fu)荷(he)占總熱負(fu)荷(he)比例較大(da)，且技(ji)術經(jing)濟合理時(shi)，可采(cai)(cai)用閉式多管制(zhi)。
當熱水(shui)熱力網具有水(shui)處(chu)理(li)費用較(jiao)低的豐富的補(bu)給水(shui)資源，且技術經濟合理(li)時，可采(cai)用開式熱力網。
當熱(re)(re)(re)水熱(re)(re)(re)力網具有與生活熱(re)(re)(re)水熱(re)(re)(re)負荷相適應(ying)的廉價低位能(neng)熱(re)(re)(re)源，且技術(shu)經(jing)濟合(he)理時，可采用開式(shi)熱(re)(re)(re)水網。
開式(shi)熱水(shui)熱力網(wang)在生活熱水(shui)熱負荷(he)足(zu)夠(gou)大且技術經濟合(he)理時，可不設回水(shui)管。
四、蒸汽(qi)熱(re)力(li)網形式的確定
蒸(zheng)汽熱力網(wang)宜采(cai)用(yong)單管(guan)(guan)制。當(dang)各用(yong)戶間所需(xu)蒸(zheng)汽參數相(xiang)差較大或季節性熱負(fu)荷占(zhan)總熱負(fu)荷比例(li)較大且技術經(jing)濟合理時，蒸(zheng)汽熱力網(wang)可采(cai)用(yong)雙管(guan)(guan)或多管(guan)(guan)制。
蒸(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)熱(re)(re)力網的熱(re)(re)負荷分期增長(chang)時，可采用雙(shuang)管或多管制。蒸(zheng)汽(qi)(qi)供熱(re)(re)系(xi)統(tong)應創造(zao)條件采用間接(jie)換(huan)熱(re)(re)系(xi)統(tong)。當被加(jia)熱(re)(re)介(jie)質泄漏不(bu)會產(chan)生危害時，其凝結水應全(quan)部回收并(bing)設置凝結水管道。
當凝(ning)(ning)結(jie)水回收(shou)時(shi)，用(yong)戶熱(re)(re)力站應設閉式凝(ning)(ning)結(jie)水箱，用(yong)水泵將凝(ning)(ning)結(jie)水送回熱(re)(re)源。
五、多供熱(re)源熱(re)力網形式的確定(ding)
供熱建筑面積大于1000×104㎡的供熱系統應采用多熱源供熱，且各熱源熱力干線應連通。在技術經濟合理時，熱力網干線可連接成環狀管網。對供熱可靠性有特殊要求的用戶，有條件時應由兩個熱源供熱，或者設自備熱源。
