1. 原油(you)常減壓蒸餾(liu)裝置(zhi)工藝流程簡介
石(shi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)煉(lian)制工(gong)(gong)業(ye)是國民經(jing)濟的重(zhong)(zhong)要支柱產(chan)業(ye)，其產(chan)品(pin)(pin)被(bei)廣泛用于工(gong)(gong)業(ye)、農業(ye)、及交通運輸和(he)國防建設等領域。催化(hua)(hua)裂(lie)化(hua)(hua)（FCC）作(zuo)為石(shi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)煉(lian)制企業(ye)的主要生產(chan)裝置，在(zai)石(shi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)中占有相當(dang)重(zhong)(zhong)要的地位，是實現(xian)原油(you)(you)(you)(you)深度加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)、提高輕質油(you)(you)(you)(you)收率(lv)、品(pin)(pin)質和(he)經(jing)濟效益的有效途徑，催化(hua)(hua)裂(lie)化(hua)(hua)使(shi)原油(you)(you)(you)(you)二次加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)中重(zhong)(zhong)要的加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)過程，是液化(hua)(hua)石(shi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)氣、汽油(you)(you)(you)(you)、煤油(you)(you)(you)(you)和(he)采油(you)(you)(you)(you)、柴油(you)(you)(you)(you)的主
要生產手(shou)段，在煉油(you)(you)廠中站(zhan)有舉足輕重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)地(di)位。傳統原(yuan)料采用原(yuan)油(you)(you)蒸(zheng)餾所得到(dao)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質餾分油(you)(you)，主要是直餾減(jian)壓餾分油(you)(you)（VGO），也包括焦化(hua)(hua)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)餾分油(you)(you)（CGO）。近二十年一(yi)些(xie)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質油(you)(you)或渣油(you)(you)也作(zuo)為催化(hua)(hua)裂化(hua)(hua)的(de)原(yuan)料，例(li)如減(jian)壓渣油(you)(you)、溶劑脫(tuo)瀝青(qing)油(you)(you)、加(jia)氫處理的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)油(you)(you)等。
催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)裂(lie)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的工藝原理是：反(fan)應(ying)(ying)物(wu)（蠟(la)油(you)、脫瀝青油(you)、渣油(you)）在500℃左右(you)、0.2～0.4MPa及(ji)與(yu)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)接觸(chu)的作用下(xia)發(fa)生裂(lie)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、異(yi)構(gou)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、環化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、芳化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、脫氫化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)等諸多(duo)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學反(fan)應(ying)(ying)，反(fan)應(ying)(ying)物(wu)為汽油(you)、輕柴油(you)、重(zhong)柴油(you)，副(fu)產物(wu)為干氣、焦(jiao)炭、油(you)漿等。催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)理論上(shang)在反(fan)應(ying)(ying)過(guo)程中不損耗，而是引導裂(lie)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)生成更多(duo)所(suo)需的高辛烷值烴產品。催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)裂(lie)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)過(guo)程相當的靈活(huo)性，允許制造(zao)車用和航空汽油(you)以及(ji)粗(cu)柴油(you)產量的變(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)來(lai)滿足(zu)燃(ran)油(you)市場的主要部(bu)分被(bei)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)成汽油(you)和低沸點產品，通(tong)常這是一個單程操作。在裂(lie)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)中，所(suo)生產的焦(jiao)炭被(bei)沉(chen)積在催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)上(shang)，它明顯地減少了催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)的活(huo)性，所(suo)以除去沉(chen)積物(wu)是非常必要的，通(tong)常是通(tong)過(guo)燃(ran)燒(shao)方式(shi)使催化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)再生來(lai)重(zhong)新(xin)恢復其活(huo)性。
催(cui)化(hua)裂化(hua)采用哪(na)種技(ji)(ji)術是由需要多生產(chan)(chan)(chan)哪(na)種產(chan)(chan)(chan)品確定的，催(cui)化(hua)裂化(hua)“家族工藝”包括多產(chan)(chan)(chan)汽油和液化(hua)氣的技(ji)(ji)術（MGG、ARGG）、提高輕質油和柴油產(chan)(chan)(chan)率的技(ji)(ji)術（TSRFCC），降低烯烴(jing)含量的技(ji)(ji)術（SR20、MIP、MGD）、多產(chan)(chan)(chan)丙烯的技(ji)(ji)術（DCC、CPP、TMP）、多產(chan)(chan)(chan)異(yi)構烯烴(jing)的技(ji)(ji)術（MIO）等。
典型工藝流程簡圖(tu)(tu)，如(ru)圖(tu)(tu)5-134和圖(tu)(tu)5-135所示。
2. 某(mou)催化(hua)裂化(hua)裝置(zhi)布(bu)置(zhi)實例（圖5-136）
