銅合(he)金(jin)具(ju)有較(jiao)高(gao)的強度和(he)塑性，具(ju)有高(gao)的彈(dan)性極限(xian)和(he)疲勞極限(xian)，同(tong)時還具(ju)有較(jiao)好的耐蝕性、抗堿性及(ji)優良(liang)的減(jian)摩(mo)性和(he)耐磨性。銅又(you)分純銅（俗稱紫(zi)銅）、黃(huang)銅和(he)青銅等。


1. 純(chun)銅(tong)


  純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)面(mian)呈紫(zi)紅色，有良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)導電性(xing)、導熱性(xing)和(he)耐大氣腐蝕(shi)性(xing)，熔點(dian)為1083℃。在管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)工程中(zhong)常(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)制成鋼管(guan)(guan)和(he)法蘭(lan)(lan)墊片。因(yin)純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)硬度(du)(du)較低，退(tui)火后變(bian)得更柔(rou)軟(ruan)，故常(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)作高(gao)壓(ya)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)法蘭(lan)(lan)墊片。純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)低溫(wen)(wen)性(xing)能比鋼材好(hao)，故純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)管(guan)(guan)常(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)于空分設備管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)、冷凍(dong)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)和(he)儀表管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)。純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)性(xing)能差，在120℃以(yi)下，容許抗拉強度(du)(du)為29.43MPa。溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)若再升(sheng)高(gao)，其機械強度(du)(du)則(ze)急劇下降，當(dang)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)上升(sheng)至250℃時，其容許抗拉強度(du)(du)只相(xiang)當(dang)于常(chang)(chang)溫(wen)(wen)時的(de)(de)(de)2／3，已不宜在壓(ya)力下使用(yong)(yong)。常(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)牌號(hao)為T2、T3、T4，雜質含量T2最少，T4最多。


2. 黃銅(H)(brass)(H）


  黃銅(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)銅(tong)(tong)和(he)鋅的合金(jin)，其機械強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)高，有較好(hao)(hao)的耐腐蝕性和(he)澆鑄性，可用來制作管子、管件和(he)閥門等。化工上常用的有H80、H68、H62（“H”是(shi)(shi)黃銅(tong)(tong)代號，后(hou)邊的數字(zi)表示合金(jin)中銅(tong)(tong)的平均含量）。H80比H68塑性好(hao)(hao)。作強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)計算時(shi)，在(zai)120℃以下，黃銅(tong)(tong)容許抗(kang)拉強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)為29.43MPa。隨(sui)著溫度(du)(du)(du)升高，其強(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)則急劇下降(jiang)，當溫度(du)(du)(du)沒超過(guo)225℃時(shi)，黃銅(tong)(tong)閥件可用在(zai)壓(ya)力不超過(guo)1.6MPa的管道(dao)中。


3. 青(qing)銅(tong)（bronze）（Q）


  青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)是銅(tong)(tong)(tong)和錫的(de)合金，又稱錫青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)。由(you)于(yu)錫的(de)價格(ge)較高(gao)，故制造青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)也常用其他元素代替，因而又有無錫青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)，如鋁青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)、鉛青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)、硅(gui)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)等(deng)。青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)通常由(you)澆鑄而成(cheng)，其強度(du)、硬度(du)及耐(nai)腐蝕性(xing)都比黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)好。青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)常用于(yu)制造蝸輪(lun)(lun)、齒輪(lun)(lun)、輪(lun)(lun)，以(yi)及管道工程中(zhong)的(de)閥件和管件等(deng)。


  例(li)如，制冷系統空調器用銅(tong)配管(guan)的(de)材(cai)料(liao)為磷脫(tuo)氧無縫拉(la)制銅(tong)管(guan)，牌號(hao)為TP2（GB／T 5231），供應狀態有M（軟）、Y（硬(ying)），材(cai)料(liao)標記方(fang)法分(fen)(fen)(fen)別為TP2M，TP2Y。對應日本牌號(hao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)別為C1220T-OL，C1220-H。要求(qiu)使用內表面無氧化的(de)光亮管(guan)。其直徑、壁厚可參照GB／T 1804。其化學成分(fen)(fen)(fen)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析方(fang)法按(an)GB／T 5121進行(xing)，性能可按(an)GB／T 228、GB／T 242、GB／T 246。