一、裝置簡(jian)介

  醋(cu)酸(suan)是(shi)重要(yao)的(de)(de)有機化工(gong)原料(liao)之一，廣泛(fan)用于合成(cheng)纖(xian)維、涂料(liao)、醫(yi)藥(yao)、農藥(yao)、食品(pin)添加(jia)劑(ji)、染織等工(gong)業(ye)，是(shi)國(guo)民(min)經濟(ji)的(de)(de)一個(ge)重要(yao)組(zu)成(cheng)部分。醋(cu)酸(suan)生產(chan)的(de)(de)方法(fa)有乙醛(quan)氧(yang)化法(fa)（乙醇(chun)和(he)(he)乙烯法(fa)）、乙烷和(he)(he)甲(jia)(jia)烷氧(yang)化法(fa)以及甲(jia)(jia)醇(chun)羰(tang)(tang)基(ji)合成(cheng)法(fa)等。生產(chan)的(de)(de)工(gong)藝(yi)不同，操作條件及工(gong)藝(yi)介質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)組(zu)成(cheng)和(he)(he)腐蝕(shi)性(xing)也不同，對(dui)設備和(he)(he)管道(dao)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)要(yao)求也不同。甲(jia)(jia)醇(chun)低壓羰(tang)(tang)基(ji)合成(cheng)醋(cu)酸(suan)工(gong)藝(yi)流程簡單，產(chan)能大，產(chan)品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)高(gao)，是(shi)目前最先(xian)進的(de)(de)醋(cu)酸(suan)生產(chan)工(gong)藝(yi)，也是(shi)國(guo)內外醋(cu)酸(suan)生產(chan)的(de)(de)主流工(gong)藝(yi)。羰(tang)(tang)基(ji)合成(cheng)醋(cu)酸(suan)的(de)(de)工(gong)藝(yi)介質(zhi)(zhi)腐蝕(shi)性(xing)強，對(dui)設備管道(dao)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)有特殊的(de)(de)要(yao)求。

二、典型(xing)羰(tang)基合成醋酸工(gong)藝流程

  甲醇低壓羰基(ji)合成(cheng)醋酸(suan)技(ji)術由美國Monsanto公司實現工(gong)業化(hua)，其工(gong)藝流程(cheng)示意(yi)圖(tu)如圖(tu)2.36所示。

  甲(jia)(jia)(jia)醇(chun)低(di)壓(ya)羰基合成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)醋(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)生(sheng)產(chan)工藝大(da)致可分(fen)為(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)、精制(zhi)、輕組(zu)分(fen)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)、催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)備與(yu)再(zai)生(sheng)等(deng)工序。甲(jia)(jia)(jia)醇(chun)由(you)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)醇(chun)中(zhong)(zhong)間儲槽經甲(jia)(jia)(jia)醇(chun)加(jia)料(liao)泵送(song)(song)(song)至甲(jia)(jia)(jia)醇(chun)加(jia)熱器進(jin)(jin)入(ru)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)釜(fu)。精制(zhi)一(yi)(yi)氧化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)碳以(yi)一(yi)(yi)定壓(ya)力及(ji)(ji)一(yi)(yi)定流量由(you)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)釜(fu)底(di)部(bu)進(jin)(jin)入(ru)釜(fu)內(nei)(nei)分(fen)配管。在(zai)(zai)攪拌器作用(yong)(yong)下，CO在(zai)(zai)溶液(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)擴(kuo)散溶解。在(zai)(zai)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)、碘(dian)(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)烷(wan)(wan)(wan)促進(jin)(jin)劑(ji)及(ji)(ji)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)氫(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)下，CO與(yu)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)醇(chun)在(zai)(zai)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)釜(fu)內(nei)(nei)生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)醋(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)。經反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)釜(fu)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)凝器冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)后(hou)(hou)(hou)進(jin)(jin)人(ren)(ren)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)凝液(ye)(ye)(ye)分(fen)離(li)器。含(han)有大(da)量碘(dian)(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)烷(wan)(wan)(wan)、醋(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)、醋(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酯等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)凝液(ye)(ye)(ye)送(song)(song)(song)回(hui)(hui)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)釜(fu)，冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)后(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)進(jin)(jin)人(ren)(ren)高(gao)壓(ya)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)塔(ta)(ta)，用(yong)(yong)貧(pin)液(ye)(ye)(ye)（醋(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)）吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)烷(wan)(wan)(wan)，吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)了碘(dian)(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)烷(wan)(wan)(wan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)富液(ye)(ye)(ye)從高(gao)壓(ya)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)塔(ta)(ta)底(di)部(bu)排出(chu)進(jin)(jin)入(ru)再(zai)生(sheng)塔(ta)(ta)進(jin)(jin)行再(zai)生(sheng)。吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)后(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)尾(wei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)去(qu)火炬(ju)系(xi)統。反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)釜(fu)內(nei)(nei)生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)醋(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)及(ji)(ji)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)液(ye)(ye)(ye)在(zai)(zai)閃(shan)蒸(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)罐(guan)內(nei)(nei)閃(shan)蒸(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)后(hou)(hou)(hou)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)液(ye)(ye)(ye)兩相(xiang)。液(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)經催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)循(xun)環(huan)泵送(song)(song)(song)回(hui)(hui)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)釜(fu)。含(han)有醋(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)、碘(dian)(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)烷(wan)(wan)(wan)、碘(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)氫(qing)、水(shui)(shui)及(ji)(ji)醋(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)酯等(deng)組(zu)分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)相(xiang)去(qu)初分(fen)塔(ta)(ta)進(jin)(jin)行提純。來自閃(shan)蒸(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)罐(guan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)相(xiang)物(wu)料(liao)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)氫(qing)以(yi)及(ji)(ji)夾帶(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)少量催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)，在(zai)(zai)初分(fen)塔(ta)(ta)底(di)部(bu)靠位差返回(hui)(hui)閃(shan)蒸(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)罐(guan)。初分(fen)塔(ta)(ta)蒸(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)餾得到的(de)(de)(de)(de)粗(cu)醋(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)由(you)塔(ta)(ta)側中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)取(qu)(qu)出(chu)，送(song)(song)(song)至脫(tuo)水(shui)(shui)塔(ta)(ta)。脫(tuo)水(shui)(shui)塔(ta)(ta)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)相(xiang)與(yu)初分(fen)塔(ta)(ta)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)相(xiang)一(yi)(yi)道送(song)(song)(song)至低(di)壓(ya)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)塔(ta)(ta)，回(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)甲(jia)(jia)(jia)烷(wan)(wan)(wan)后(hou)(hou)(hou)尾(wei)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)去(qu)火炬(ju)系(xi)統，液(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)送(song)(song)(song)再(zai)生(sheng)塔(ta)(ta)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)品醋(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)由(you)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)品塔(ta)(ta)側部(bu)取(qu)(qu)出(chu)，冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)后(hou)(hou)(hou)送(song)(song)(song)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)品中(zhong)(zhong)間儲槽。含(han)丙(bing)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)以(yi)及(ji)(ji)金屬碘(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)沸點的(de)(de)(de)(de)溶液(ye)(ye)(ye)由(you)塔(ta)(ta)底(di)部(bu)送(song)(song)(song)往汽提塔(ta)(ta)系(xi)統，以(yi)回(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)醋(cu)(cu)(cu)(cu)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)，塔(ta)(ta)底(di)重組(zu)分(fen)進(jin)(jin)一(yi)(yi)步(bu)處理回(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)。再(zai)生(sheng)塔(ta)(ta)再(zai)生(sheng)后(hou)(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)貧(pin)液(ye)(ye)(ye)用(yong)(yong)循(xun)環(huan)水(shui)(shui)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，一(yi)(yi)部(bu)分(fen)送(song)(song)(song)往高(gao)壓(ya)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)塔(ta)(ta)作吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)劑(ji)；另(ling)一(yi)(yi)部(bu)分(fen)送(song)(song)(song)往低(di)壓(ya)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)塔(ta)(ta)作吸(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)劑(ji)，循(xun)環(huan)使用(yong)(yong)。

三(san)、醋(cu)酸裝置的配管設計

  主要是(shi)對塔、罐、泵、反應器(qi)等(deng)設備的配(pei)管設計。