一(yi)、裝置簡(jian)介

  醋(cu)酸(suan)是(shi)重要(yao)(yao)的有(you)(you)機(ji)化(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)原料之(zhi)一，廣泛用于合成纖維(wei)、涂(tu)料、醫藥(yao)、農(nong)藥(yao)、食品添加劑、染(ran)織(zhi)等工(gong)(gong)(gong)業，是(shi)國民(min)經濟的一個重要(yao)(yao)組成部分(fen)。醋(cu)酸(suan)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的方法(fa)有(you)(you)乙醛氧化(hua)法(fa)（乙醇(chun)和(he)乙烯法(fa)）、乙烷和(he)甲(jia)烷氧化(hua)法(fa)以及(ji)甲(jia)醇(chun)羰基(ji)(ji)合成法(fa)等。生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)不(bu)(bu)同，操作(zuo)條件(jian)及(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)介(jie)(jie)質的組成和(he)腐(fu)蝕性也不(bu)(bu)同，對(dui)設備和(he)管道(dao)材(cai)料的要(yao)(yao)求也不(bu)(bu)同。甲(jia)醇(chun)低壓羰基(ji)(ji)合成醋(cu)酸(suan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)流(liu)程簡單，產(chan)能大，產(chan)品質量高(gao)，是(shi)目前(qian)最先進的醋(cu)酸(suan)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)，也是(shi)國內外醋(cu)酸(suan)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)的主流(liu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)。羰基(ji)(ji)合成醋(cu)酸(suan)的工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)介(jie)(jie)質腐(fu)蝕性強，對(dui)設備管道(dao)材(cai)料有(you)(you)特殊的要(yao)(yao)求。

二(er)、典型羰基合(he)成(cheng)醋(cu)酸工藝(yi)流程(cheng)

  甲醇低壓(ya)羰基(ji)合成醋(cu)酸技術由美(mei)國Monsanto公司實(shi)現工(gong)業化，其工(gong)藝流程示(shi)意圖(tu)如圖(tu)2.36所示(shi)。

  甲(jia)醇低(di)壓羰基(ji)合成(cheng)(cheng)醋(cu)酸生(sheng)(sheng)產工藝(yi)大致可分(fen)(fen)為(wei)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應、精制、輕(qing)組分(fen)(fen)回收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)、催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制備與(yu)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)等工序。甲(jia)醇由(you)甲(jia)醇中間(jian)儲槽經甲(jia)醇加料泵送(song)(song)(song)(song)至(zhi)(zhi)甲(jia)醇加熱器(qi)進入(ru)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應釜(fu)(fu)(fu)。精制一氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)碳以(yi)一定(ding)壓力及(ji)一定(ding)流(liu)量(liang)由(you)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應釜(fu)(fu)(fu)底部進入(ru)釜(fu)(fu)(fu)內分(fen)(fen)配管。在(zai)(zai)攪拌器(qi)作用(yong)下，CO在(zai)(zai)溶液(ye)(ye)中擴(kuo)散溶解。在(zai)(zai)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)、碘(dian)(dian)甲(jia)烷促進劑(ji)及(ji)碘(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)氫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)下，CO與(yu)甲(jia)醇在(zai)(zai)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應釜(fu)(fu)(fu)內生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)醋(cu)酸。經反(fan)(fan)(fan)應釜(fu)(fu)(fu)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)凝器(qi)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)后(hou)進人(ren)(ren)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)凝液(ye)(ye)分(fen)(fen)離(li)器(qi)。含有大量(liang)碘(dian)(dian)甲(jia)烷、醋(cu)酸、醋(cu)酸甲(jia)酯等的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)凝液(ye)(ye)送(song)(song)(song)(song)回反(fan)(fan)(fan)應釜(fu)(fu)(fu)，冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)進人(ren)(ren)高壓吸收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)，用(yong)貧液(ye)(ye)（醋(cu)酸）吸收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)碘(dian)(dian)甲(jia)烷，吸收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)了碘(dian)(dian)甲(jia)烷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)富液(ye)(ye)從高壓吸收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)底部排出進入(ru)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)進行再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)。吸收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尾氣(qi)(qi)(qi)去火炬系(xi)統(tong)。反(fan)(fan)(fan)應釜(fu)(fu)(fu)內生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)醋(cu)酸及(ji)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應液(ye)(ye)在(zai)(zai)閃蒸(zheng)罐(guan)內閃蒸(zheng)后(hou)形成(cheng)(cheng)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)液(ye)(ye)兩相。液(ye)(ye)體(ti)經催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)循環(huan)(huan)泵送(song)(song)(song)(song)回反(fan)(fan)(fan)應釜(fu)(fu)(fu)。含有醋(cu)酸、碘(dian)(dian)甲(jia)烷、碘(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)氫、水及(ji)醋(cu)酸甲(jia)酯等組分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)相去初分(fen)(fen)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)進行提純。來自閃蒸(zheng)罐(guan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)相物(wu)料中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)碘(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)氫以(yi)及(ji)夾帶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)少量(liang)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)，在(zai)(zai)初分(fen)(fen)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)底部靠位差(cha)返回閃蒸(zheng)罐(guan)。初分(fen)(fen)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)蒸(zheng)餾得(de)到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)粗(cu)醋(cu)酸由(you)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)側(ce)中部取出，送(song)(song)(song)(song)至(zhi)(zhi)脫(tuo)水塔(ta)(ta)(ta)。脫(tuo)水塔(ta)(ta)(ta)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)相與(yu)初分(fen)(fen)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)相一道送(song)(song)(song)(song)至(zhi)(zhi)低(di)壓吸收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)，回收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)碘(dian)(dian)甲(jia)烷后(hou)尾氣(qi)(qi)(qi)去火炬系(xi)統(tong)，液(ye)(ye)體(ti)送(song)(song)(song)(song)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)，成(cheng)(cheng)品醋(cu)酸由(you)成(cheng)(cheng)品塔(ta)(ta)(ta)側(ce)部取出，冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)后(hou)送(song)(song)(song)(song)成(cheng)(cheng)品中間(jian)儲槽。含丙酸以(yi)及(ji)金屬(shu)碘(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高沸點的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溶液(ye)(ye)由(you)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)底部送(song)(song)(song)(song)往(wang)汽提塔(ta)(ta)(ta)系(xi)統(tong)，以(yi)回收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)醋(cu)酸，塔(ta)(ta)(ta)底重(zhong)組分(fen)(fen)進一步處(chu)理回收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)。再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)貧液(ye)(ye)用(yong)循環(huan)(huan)水冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻(que)后(hou)，一部分(fen)(fen)送(song)(song)(song)(song)往(wang)高壓吸收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)作吸收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)劑(ji)；另一部分(fen)(fen)送(song)(song)(song)(song)往(wang)低(di)壓吸收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)作吸收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)劑(ji)，循環(huan)(huan)使用(yong)。

三、醋酸裝置的配管設計

  主要是對塔(ta)、罐(guan)、泵、反應器等設(she)備的配管設(she)計(ji)。