材料(liao)的(de)腐(fu)蝕環(huan)境(jing)復(fu)雜,影響因(yin)素頗多。因(yin)此,從不同(tong)的(de)角度出發,可(ke)以(yi)有(you)不同(tong)的(de)腐(fu)蝕分(fen)(fen)(fen)類(lei)(lei)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)。目前(qian)主要的(de)腐(fu)蝕分(fen)(fen)(fen)類(lei)(lei)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)有(you)依(yi)據(ju)腐(fu)蝕環(huan)境(jing)分(fen)(fen)(fen)類(lei)(lei)法(fa)(fa)、依(yi)據(ju)腐(fu)蝕機理(li)分(fen)(fen)(fen)類(lei)(lei)法(fa)(fa)、依(yi)據(ju)腐(fu)蝕形態(tai)分(fen)(fen)(fen)類(lei)(lei)法(fa)(fa)、依(yi)據(ju)材料(liao)的(de)特性分(fen)(fen)(fen)類(lei)(lei)法(fa)(fa)、依(yi)據(ju)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)范(fan)圍或工業部門分(fen)(fen)(fen)類(lei)(lei)法(fa)(fa)和(he)依(yi)據(ju)影響因(yin)素分(fen)(fen)(fen)類(lei)(lei)法(fa)(fa)等。在這幾(ji)種(zhong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)類(lei)(lei)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)中(zhong),前(qian)三種(zhong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)類(lei)(lei)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)較廣。

   依(yi)(yi)(yi)據(ju)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)環境分(fen)(fen)類(lei)較為(wei)(wei)直觀(guan)和(he)(he)實用(yong),具體可(ke)(ke)(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)干燥氣體腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、潮(chao)濕環境腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)非電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液中(zhong)的(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)。依(yi)(yi)(yi)據(ju)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)機理(li)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)則利于(yu)研究腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)微觀(guan)機制,具體可(ke)(ke)(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)化學(xue)(xue)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)化學(xue)(xue)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。依(yi)(yi)(yi)據(ju)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)形態(tai)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)利于(yu)辨別和(he)(he)診斷(duan)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)失效(xiao),一(yi)般(ban)可(ke)(ke)(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)全面腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、局部(bu)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)應(ying)力作(zuo)用(yong)下的(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)。依(yi)(yi)(yi)據(ju)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)特性(xing)和(he)(he)種(zhong)類(lei)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)主要(yao)(yao)是從使用(yong)角(jiao)度出發,具體可(ke)(ke)(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、無機非金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、有(you)機材(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)復合材(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)。此(ci)(ci)外(wai)(wai),還有(you)依(yi)(yi)(yi)據(ju)影(ying)響因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)對(dui)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)進(jin)行分(fen)(fen)類(lei),這些因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)主要(yao)(yao)有(you)外(wai)(wai)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、接(jie)觸腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、應(ying)力作(zuo)用(yong)下的(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、摩擦與(yu)磨損(sun)促進(jin)的(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)和(he)(he)微生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)導致的(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、輻射(she)影(ying)響的(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)高(gao)溫影(ying)響的(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)。外(wai)(wai)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)最典型的(de)(de)例子(zi)是地下水管由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)車軌道(dao)散(san)失的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)所引起的(de)(de)破(po)壞(huai)(通(tong)(tong)常(chang)稱為(wei)(wei)雜散(san)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)),接(jie)觸腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)(tong)常(chang)是指電(dian)(dian)極電(dian)(dian)位(wei)不同的(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)或(huo)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)于(yu)導電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)非金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)直接(jie)接(jie)觸引起的(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),這兩類(lei)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)都是電(dian)(dian)學(xue)(xue)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)促成的(de)(de)。力學(xue)(xue)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)加速腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)破(po)壞(huai)的(de)(de)情況有(you)應(ying)力腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)及磨損(sun)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。細菌在土壤中(zhong)促進(jin)化學(xue)(xue)分(fen)(fen)解(jie)(jie),船(chuan)殼(ke)附著(zhu)海生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)所帶來的(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現象,都屬(shu)(shu)(shu)于(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),而人體或(huo)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)體液也會造成材(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。此(ci)(ci)外(wai)(wai),聲(sheng)、光、磁場(chang)、紫外(wai)(wai)線等(deng)物(wu)(wu)理(li)因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)對(dui)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也有(you)重要(yao)(yao)影(ying)響。由于(yu)液態(tai)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)對(dui)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)理(li)破(po)壞(huai)與(yu)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)相似,因(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)而也常(chang)常(chang)納入腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)研究范圍。