工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)器材(cai)(cai)選(xuan)(xuan)用是根據(ju)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設(she)(she)(she)計的(de)(de)(de)總體要求、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝數據(ju)條件(jian)(jian)(jian)和采(cai)(cai)購(gou)(gou)(gou)特點等(deng)因素(su)，對管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)子、管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)、閥門、法蘭、墊片、緊固元件(jian)(jian)(jian)、特殊管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)器材(cai)(cai)、隔熱材(cai)(cai)料(liao)、涂漆材(cai)(cai)料(liao)等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)用，包括管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準、材(cai)(cai)質、規格、結構形(xing)式(shi)、連接形(xing)式(shi)等(deng)內(nei)容的(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)定。在國內(nei)外一些大型(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)公司，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)器材(cai)(cai)選(xuan)(xuan)用的(de)(de)(de)具體工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作還(huan)包括管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)數量(liang)匯總、向采(cai)(cai)購(gou)(gou)(gou)部門提出請購(gou)(gou)(gou)單、編制管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)采(cai)(cai)購(gou)(gou)(gou)技術要求文(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)、對管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)提供商文(wen)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)評閱(yue)、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)器材(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)驗和試(shi)驗等(deng)內(nei)容。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)器材(cai)(cai)選(xuan)(xuan)用的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作貫穿工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設(she)(she)(she)計的(de)(de)(de)整個過程(cheng)。在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項目的(de)(de)(de)詢價、設(she)(she)(she)計、采(cai)(cai)購(gou)(gou)(gou)、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)及后(hou)期服務(wu)等(deng)階段均(jun)離不開工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)器材(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)用。
①. 標準系列(lie)化
目前大多數(shu)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)及(ji)(ji)其(qi)(qi)元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)都(dou)進行(xing)了(le)系(xi)(xi)(xi)列化(hua)，并(bing)有相應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)作支持(chi)。因此(ci)，管(guan)道(dao)(dao)材料設計時(shi)首(shou)先(xian)要考(kao)慮的(de)問題就是管(guan)道(dao)(dao)及(ji)(ji)其(qi)(qi)元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)系(xi)(xi)(xi)列的(de)選用(yong)(yong)(yong)。一(yi)個(ge)管(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)中各元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)所用(yong)(yong)(yong)系(xi)(xi)(xi)列標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)集(ji)合(he)稱為(wei)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)體系(xi)(xi)(xi)。這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)應(ying)(ying)(ying)包括管(guan)子系(xi)(xi)(xi)列標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)、管(guan)件(jian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)列標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)、法蘭及(ji)(ji)其(qi)(qi)連接件(jian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)列標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)、閥門標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)等。這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)通過一(yi)定的(de)規(gui)則在一(yi)個(ge)管(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)中得(de)到應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，它(ta)(ta)們之間相互(hu)銜接、相互(hu)配(pei)合(he)，從而(er)確定了(le)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)及(ji)(ji)其(qi)(qi)元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)的(de)基本參數(shu)。這(zhe)(zhe)些(xie)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)中尤(you)其(qi)(qi)以管(guan)子標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)和法蘭標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)最具(ju)有代表性，它(ta)(ta)們是其(qi)(qi)他應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)基礎。
世(shi)界上各(ge)國應用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)道標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)系(xi)有(you)(you)很多，不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)國家(jia)有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)和(he)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)系(xi)，而(er)(er)(er)在我國，不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)行業(ye)又各(ge)采用(yong)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)和(he)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)系(xi)。這些標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)之間千差萬別(bie)，甚至有(you)(you)些標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)和(he)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)系(xi)相(xiang)(xiang)差甚遠，相(xiang)(xiang)互之間無法配套使用(yong)和(he)互換，從(cong)而(er)(er)(er)給使用(yong)者帶來了(le)不(bu)(bu)少麻(ma)煩。為(wei)此(ci)，工業(ye)管(guan)道設(she)計的(de)(de)(de)第一步就是選擇應用(yong)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)系(xi)，并作(zuo)為(wei)裝置內各(ge)個(ge)專業(ye)設(she)計的(de)(de)(de)統一規定，以(yi)避免各(ge)相(xiang)(xiang)關專業(ye)因采用(yong)不(bu)(bu)能互換的(de)(de)(de)其(qi)他應用(yong)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)系(xi)而(er)(er)(er)導(dao)致錯誤。
工(gong)程應用：配管(guan)設計(ji)的管(guan)子(zi)標準系(xi)列不同引起的錯誤(wu)
圖16.2所示的(de)是在某施工(gong)現(xian)場(chang)發現(xian)的(de)，因(yin)設計引(yin)(yin)起(qi)的(de)錯誤。兩個裝置在界區(qu)接(jie)點，因(yin)管(guan)子(zi)(zi)標(biao)(biao)準系列不同引(yin)(yin)起(qi)管(guan)子(zi)(zi)外(wai)徑(jing)不同而(er)連接(jie)不上。左側(ce)為ASME標(biao)(biao)準管(guan)子(zi)(zi)，右側(ce)為HG 20553II標(biao)(biao)準系列管(guan)子(zi)(zi)，都是DN500的(de)公稱直徑(jing)，但是左側(ce)管(guan)子(zi)(zi)外(wai)徑(jing)為508mm，右側(ce)管(guan)子(zi)(zi)外(wai)徑(jing)為530mm。
②. 國際化(hua)
現在(zai)的工程項目越來越國(guo)際(ji)化(hua)(hua)，這(zhe)就要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)工業(ye)管(guan)道器材設(she)計時按照工程項目的具體(ti)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，選用國(guo)際(ji)化(hua)(hua)標準(zhun)(zhun)的管(guan)道器材。管(guan)道器材選用設(she)計標準(zhun)(zhun)規范也逐(zhu)漸在(zai)統一向通用的國(guo)際(ji)化(hua)(hua)標準(zhun)(zhun)看齊。
③. 經濟(ji)性
經(jing)濟(ji)性是(shi)指管道的(de)一(yi)次投(tou)資(zi)費用和(he)(he)操作維(wei)護費用的(de)綜合指數(shu)低。一(yi)般情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)，如果一(yi)次投(tou)資(zi)較高的(de)話，其可(ke)靠性好，操作、維(wei)護費用低。對于特別重大和(he)(he)復雜(za)的(de)決(jue)策，可(ke)借助計算機分(fen)析(xi)取技術和(he)(he)經(jing)濟(ji)的(de)最優化組合，如圖16.3所示。在設計時，要力爭做到管系(xi)中各元件具(ju)有相同的(de)強度和(he)(he)壽命選用。
④. 多學科性
工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)器(qi)材(cai)設(she)計(ji)是配管(guan)設(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎技能(neng)之一(yi)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)器(qi)材(cai)設(she)計(ji)既要求(qiu)從事(shi)這項設(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)技術人員具有材(cai)料、力學(xue)、機械、技術經濟等(deng)多學(xue)科知(zhi)識，還要求(qiu)能(neng)夠(gou)運用好計(ji)算機和(he)外語兩個最重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)具，結合項目實際的(de)(de)(de)(de)采購情況，根據(ju)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝專(zhuan)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝管(guan)道(dao)(dao)數據(ju)表(biao)要求(qiu)，根據(ju)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)布置、設(she)備(bei)布置和(he)管(guan)道(dao)(dao)應力分析的(de)(de)(de)(de)特殊要求(qiu)，根據(ju)甲方提出的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)，并遵循相關法規(gui)和(he)規(gui)定，用計(ji)算機文本(ben)、表(biao)格或者(zhe)數據(ju)庫表(biao)示出來，成為一(yi)個系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)、集體的(de)(de)(de)(de)、創造性的(de)(de)(de)(de)智力勞動。
⑤. 復雜性
工(gong)業(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)設計過程(cheng)中實際(ji)應(ying)用(yong)的管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)器(qi)材種(zhong)類(lei)很多，使用(yong)工(gong)況也千差萬別(bie)，影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)因(yin)素和(he)環節也比較多。工(gong)業(ye)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)是一個(ge)系統，各(ge)環節相互關聯、相互影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)，管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)組成(cheng)件和(he)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)支撐(cheng)件的種(zhong)類(lei)繁多，各(ge)種(zhong)材料各(ge)有特(te)點(dian)和(he)具體(ti)技術要求(qiu)，材料選(xuan)用(yong)復(fu)雜。管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)長徑比很大，極易失穩(wen)，受(shou)力(li)(li)情(qing)況比壓(ya)力(li)(li)容器(qi)更復(fu)雜。管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)內流體(ti)流動狀態復(fu)雜，緩(huan)沖余地小，工(gong)作(zuo)條件變化(hua)頻率比壓(ya)力(li)(li)容器(qi)高(gao)（如高(gao)溫、高(gao)壓(ya)、低(di)溫、低(di)壓(ya)、位移變形、風、雪、地震等都可能影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)受(shou)力(li)(li)情(qing)況）。在做(zuo)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)器(qi)材選(xuan)用(yong)工(gong)作(zuo)時需要全面(mian)考慮。管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)器(qi)材選(xuan)用(yong)和(he)裝置(zhi)(zhi)布置(zhi)(zhi)、管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)布置(zhi)(zhi)、配管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)應(ying)力(li)(li)分析(xi)一樣都是完(wan)成(cheng)工(gong)程(cheng)項目配管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)（管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)）設計專業(ye)工(gong)作(zuo)的基(ji)本技術技能。
