工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)器(qi)材(cai)(cai)選(xuan)用是根據(ju)(ju)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)設(she)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)總(zong)體(ti)(ti)要(yao)求(qiu)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝數(shu)據(ju)(ju)條件和(he)(he)采(cai)購特點等(deng)(deng)因素，對管(guan)(guan)子、管(guan)(guan)件、閥門、法蘭(lan)、墊片、緊固元件、特殊管(guan)(guan)道(dao)器(qi)材(cai)(cai)、隔(ge)熱材(cai)(cai)料(liao)、涂漆材(cai)(cai)料(liao)等(deng)(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)用，包(bao)括(kuo)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標準、材(cai)(cai)質(zhi)、規格、結構形(xing)式、連接形(xing)式等(deng)(deng)內容的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)定(ding)。在國內外一些大型工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)公司，工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)器(qi)材(cai)(cai)選(xuan)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)(ti)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)還包(bao)括(kuo)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)數(shu)量(liang)匯總(zong)、向采(cai)購部(bu)門提出請購單、編制管(guan)(guan)道(dao)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采(cai)購技術要(yao)求(qiu)文(wen)件、對管(guan)(guan)道(dao)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)提供(gong)商文(wen)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評閱、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)現場工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)器(qi)材(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢驗和(he)(he)試(shi)驗等(deng)(deng)內容。工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)器(qi)材(cai)(cai)選(xuan)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)貫穿(chuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)設(she)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)個過程(cheng)(cheng)。在工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)詢(xun)價、設(she)計、采(cai)購、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)及后期服(fu)務等(deng)(deng)階段均離不開(kai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)器(qi)材(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)用。
①. 標準系列化
目前大多數管(guan)(guan)(guan)道及其(qi)(qi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)都進行(xing)了系(xi)(xi)列(lie)(lie)化，并有(you)相應(ying)的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)作支持。因此，管(guan)(guan)(guan)道材料設計時首先要考(kao)慮的(de)(de)問(wen)題就是(shi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道及其(qi)(qi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)系(xi)(xi)列(lie)(lie)的(de)(de)選用(yong)。一個管(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)中(zhong)各元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)所用(yong)系(xi)(xi)列(lie)(lie)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)集(ji)合稱為應(ying)用(yong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體系(xi)(xi)。這些(xie)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)應(ying)包(bao)括管(guan)(guan)(guan)子系(xi)(xi)列(lie)(lie)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、管(guan)(guan)(guan)件(jian)系(xi)(xi)列(lie)(lie)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、法蘭及其(qi)(qi)連接(jie)件(jian)系(xi)(xi)列(lie)(lie)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、閥門標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)等。這些(xie)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)通過一定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)規(gui)則在一個管(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)中(zhong)得到應(ying)用(yong)，它們(men)之(zhi)間相互(hu)銜接(jie)、相互(hu)配合，從而(er)確定(ding)(ding)了管(guan)(guan)(guan)道及其(qi)(qi)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)的(de)(de)基本參(can)數。這些(xie)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)中(zhong)尤(you)其(qi)(qi)以管(guan)(guan)(guan)子標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)和(he)法蘭標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)最具有(you)代表性，它們(men)是(shi)其(qi)(qi)他應(ying)用(yong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)基礎(chu)。
世界上各(ge)國應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管道(dao)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)有(you)很多，不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)國家有(you)不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)和標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)，而(er)在(zai)我國，不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)行業又各(ge)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)和標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)。這些(xie)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)之間千差萬(wan)別，甚至有(you)些(xie)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)和標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)相(xiang)(xiang)差甚遠，相(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)(hu)之間無法(fa)配套使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)和互(hu)(hu)換，從而(er)給使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)者帶來了不(bu)(bu)少麻煩(fan)。為(wei)此，工業管道(dao)設(she)(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第一步就是選擇(ze)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)，并(bing)作為(wei)裝置(zhi)內各(ge)個(ge)專業設(she)(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)統一規定，以避免各(ge)相(xiang)(xiang)關專業因采用(yong)(yong)(yong)不(bu)(bu)能互(hu)(hu)換的(de)(de)(de)(de)其(qi)他應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)而(er)導致(zhi)錯誤。
工(gong)程應用：配管設計的管子標準系列不同引起的錯(cuo)誤(wu)
圖(tu)16.2所示的是在某施工(gong)現場(chang)發現的，因(yin)設計引(yin)起的錯誤。兩(liang)個(ge)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)在界區接(jie)點，因(yin)管(guan)子(zi)(zi)標(biao)準系(xi)(xi)列(lie)(lie)不(bu)同(tong)引(yin)起管(guan)子(zi)(zi)外(wai)徑(jing)不(bu)同(tong)而連(lian)接(jie)不(bu)上(shang)。左側(ce)為ASME標(biao)準管(guan)子(zi)(zi)，右(you)側(ce)為HG 20553II標(biao)準系(xi)(xi)列(lie)(lie)管(guan)子(zi)(zi)，都是DN500的公稱直(zhi)徑(jing)，但是左側(ce)管(guan)子(zi)(zi)外(wai)徑(jing)為508mm，右(you)側(ce)管(guan)子(zi)(zi)外(wai)徑(jing)為530mm。
②. 國際化(hua)
現在(zai)的(de)工程(cheng)項目越來越國際(ji)化(hua)，這就(jiu)要求工業管(guan)道(dao)器(qi)材設計(ji)時(shi)按照工程(cheng)項目的(de)具體要求，選(xuan)用(yong)國際(ji)化(hua)標(biao)準的(de)管(guan)道(dao)器(qi)材。管(guan)道(dao)器(qi)材選(xuan)用(yong)設計(ji)標(biao)準規(gui)范也逐漸在(zai)統(tong)一向通用(yong)的(de)國際(ji)化(hua)標(biao)準看齊。
③. 經濟性
經濟性是指(zhi)管道的一(yi)次(ci)投(tou)資費用和操作(zuo)維(wei)護(hu)費用的綜合指(zhi)數低。一(yi)般情況下，如果一(yi)次(ci)投(tou)資較高的話(hua)，其可靠性好(hao)，操作(zuo)、維(wei)護(hu)費用低。對于特別重大和復雜的決(jue)策(ce)，可借助(zhu)計(ji)算機分(fen)析取技術(shu)和經濟的最(zui)優化(hua)組合，如圖16.3所(suo)示。在設(she)計(ji)時，要(yao)力爭做到管系中(zhong)各(ge)元件(jian)具有相同的強度和壽(shou)命選(xuan)用。
④. 多(duo)學科性
工業管道(dao)(dao)器(qi)材設(she)(she)計(ji)是配管設(she)(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)基礎(chu)技(ji)能(neng)之一(yi)，工業管道(dao)(dao)器(qi)材設(she)(she)計(ji)既(ji)要(yao)求(qiu)從事這(zhe)項(xiang)設(she)(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)工程(cheng)技(ji)術人員具(ju)(ju)有材料、力(li)學(xue)、機(ji)(ji)械(xie)、技(ji)術經濟等多學(xue)科知識，還要(yao)求(qiu)能(neng)夠(gou)運用(yong)好計(ji)算機(ji)(ji)和外語兩(liang)個(ge)最(zui)重要(yao)的(de)(de)工具(ju)(ju)，結合項(xiang)目實際的(de)(de)采購情況，根(gen)據工藝專業的(de)(de)工藝管道(dao)(dao)數(shu)據表(biao)要(yao)求(qiu)，根(gen)據管道(dao)(dao)布(bu)置、設(she)(she)備布(bu)置和管道(dao)(dao)應力(li)分析的(de)(de)特殊要(yao)求(qiu)，根(gen)據甲方提(ti)出的(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)，并遵循相關(guan)法規和規定，用(yong)計(ji)算機(ji)(ji)文(wen)本(ben)、表(biao)格或者數(shu)據庫表(biao)示出來(lai)，成為一(yi)個(ge)系統的(de)(de)、集體(ti)的(de)(de)、創造(zao)性的(de)(de)智力(li)勞動(dong)。
⑤. 復(fu)雜性
工(gong)業管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道工(gong)程(cheng)設計(ji)過(guo)程(cheng)中實際應(ying)用(yong)(yong)的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道器材(cai)(cai)種類很多，使用(yong)(yong)工(gong)況也千差萬(wan)別，影響因(yin)素和環(huan)節也比(bi)較(jiao)多。工(gong)業管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道是一個系統，各環(huan)節相互關(guan)聯、相互影響，管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道組(zu)成(cheng)件(jian)(jian)和管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道支撐件(jian)(jian)的(de)種類繁多，各種材(cai)(cai)料(liao)各有特點和具體技術要求(qiu)，材(cai)(cai)料(liao)選用(yong)(yong)復雜(za)。管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道長徑比(bi)很大，極易失穩，受(shou)力情(qing)況比(bi)壓(ya)(ya)力容(rong)器更復雜(za)。管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道內流體流動狀(zhuang)態復雜(za)，緩沖(chong)余地小(xiao)，工(gong)作(zuo)條件(jian)(jian)變(bian)化(hua)頻率比(bi)壓(ya)(ya)力容(rong)器高（如高溫(wen)、高壓(ya)(ya)、低溫(wen)、低壓(ya)(ya)、位移變(bian)形、風、雪、地震等都(dou)可能(neng)影響管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道受(shou)力情(qing)況）。在做(zuo)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道器材(cai)(cai)選用(yong)(yong)工(gong)作(zuo)時需要全面考慮。管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道器材(cai)(cai)選用(yong)(yong)和裝(zhuang)置布置、管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道布置、配(pei)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)應(ying)力分析一樣(yang)都(dou)是完(wan)成(cheng)工(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)配(pei)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)（管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道）設計(ji)專業工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)基(ji)本技術技能(neng)。
