反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)過程的(de)基本特征決(jue)定了適宜的(de)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器形式。例如氣固(gu)(gu)相反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)過程大(da)致是用(yong)固(gu)(gu)定床(chuang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器、流(liu)化床(chuang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器或移動床(chuang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器。但是適宜的(de)選(xuan)型則需考慮反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)熱效應(ying)(ying)(ying)、對(dui)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)轉化率(lv)和(he)選(xuan)擇率(lv)的(de)要求、催化劑物理化學性態和(he)失活等多種因素。
不(bu)銹鋼反應(ying)器的(de)(de)操作方式和加料(liao)方式也需(xu)考慮。例如，對于有串聯或平行副反應(ying)的(de)(de)過程(cheng)，分段進料(liao)可能優于一次(ci)進料(liao)。溫(wen)度(du)(du)序(xu)列(lie)也是反應(ying)器選型的(de)(de)一個重(zhong)要因(yin)素(su)。例如，對于放熱的(de)(de)可逆反應(ying)，應(ying)采用(yong)先高后低的(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)(du)序(xu)列(lie)，多級(ji)、級(ji)間換熱式反應(ying)器可使反應(ying)器的(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)(du)序(xu)列(lie)趨于合理。
下(xia)面主要介紹釜(fu)式(shi)反應(ying)器、管(guan)式(shi)反應(ying)器、塔式(shi)反應(ying)器、固定床(chuang)反應(ying)器、流化床(chuang)反應(ying)器。
①. 釜式反應器
釜(fu)(fu)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)也稱槽式(shi)、鍋式(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)，它是(shi)各(ge)類(lei)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)結構較(jiao)(jiao)為簡(jian)單(dan)且應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)較(jiao)(jiao)廣的(de)一種。主要應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)-液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)均相反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)過(guo)(guo)程，在氣(qi)-液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)-液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)非均相反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)也有應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)。在化工生(sheng)產(chan)中(zhong)(zhong)，既適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)間(jian)(jian)歇操作過(guo)(guo)程，又可單(dan)釜(fu)(fu)或(huo)多釜(fu)(fu)串(chuan)聯(lian)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)連(lian)續(xu)操作過(guo)(guo)程，但在間(jian)(jian)歇生(sheng)產(chan)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)最(zui)多。釜(fu)(fu)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)具有適用(yong)(yong)的(de)溫度(du)和(he)壓力范圍寬、適應(ying)(ying)(ying)性強、操作彈性大、連(lian)續(xu)操作時溫度(du)濃度(du)容易控制、產(chan)品質量(liang)均一等特點。但用(yong)(yong)在較(jiao)(jiao)高轉化率工藝要求時，需要較(jiao)(jiao)大容積。通常(chang)在操作條件比較(jiao)(jiao)緩和(he)的(de)情況(kuang)下使用(yong)(yong)，如常(chang)壓、溫度(du)較(jiao)(jiao)低(di)(di)且低(di)(di)于(yu)物料沸點時，應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)此(ci)類(lei)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)最(zui)為普遍。
②. 管式反(fan)應器(qi)
管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應器主要用于(yu)氣(qi)相(xiang)、液相(xiang)、氣(qi)-液相(xiang)連(lian)(lian)續(xu)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應過(guo)程，由單根（直管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)或(huo)(huo)盤(pan)(pan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)）連(lian)(lian)續(xu)或(huo)(huo)多(duo)根平行排列的管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)組(zu)成，一般設(she)有套(tao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)或(huo)(huo)殼管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)換(huan)熱裝置。操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)時，物(wu)料自(zi)(zi)一端連(lian)(lian)續(xu)加入，在(zai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)中連(lian)(lian)續(xu)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應，從另一端連(lian)(lian)續(xu)流出，便達到了要求的轉化(hua)率。由于(yu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應器能承受(shou)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)的壓力，故用于(yu)加壓反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應尤(you)為合(he)(he)適，例如油脂或(huo)(huo)脂肪酸(suan)加氫生產高(gao)碳醇、裂解(jie)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應用的管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)爐便是管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應器。此種反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應器具有容(rong)積小(xiao)、比(bi)表面大(da)(da)、返混少、反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應混合(he)(he)物(wu)連(lian)(lian)續(xu)性變化(hua)、易于(yu)控制等(deng)優點。但若反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應速(su)度較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)慢時，則有所需管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)長、壓降較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)等(deng)不足。隨(sui)著(zhu)化(hua)工生產越(yue)(yue)來(lai)越(yue)(yue)趨(qu)于(yu)大(da)(da)型化(hua)、連(lian)(lian)續(xu)化(hua)、自(zi)(zi)動化(hua)，連(lian)(lian)續(xu)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)的管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應器在(zai)生產中使(shi)用越(yue)(yue)來(lai)越(yue)(yue)多(duo)，某些傳(chuan)統上(shang)一直使(shi)用間歇攪拌(ban)釜的高(gao)分(fen)子(zi)聚合(he)(he)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應，目前也(ye)開(kai)始(shi)改用連(lian)(lian)續(xu)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)的管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應器。管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應器的長徑比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)，與釜式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應器相(xiang)比(bi)在(zai)結構上(shang)差異較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)，有直管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)、盤(pan)(pan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)、多(duo)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)等(deng)。
③. 塔式反應器(qi)
塔(ta)(ta)(ta)式反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)長(chang)徑比(bi)介于(yu)釜式和管式之間(jian)。主(zhu)要用于(yu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)-液(ye)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)，常用的(de)(de)有鼓泡塔(ta)(ta)(ta)、填料塔(ta)(ta)(ta)、板(ban)式塔(ta)(ta)(ta)。最常用的(de)(de)是鼓泡塔(ta)(ta)(ta)式反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，底(di)部(bu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)有氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)分(fen)布(bu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，殼外裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)有夾(jia)套(tao)或(huo)(huo)其他形(xing)式換熱(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)(qi)或(huo)(huo)設有擴大(da)(da)段、液(ye)滴(di)捕集器(qi)(qi)(qi)等。反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)通過分(fen)布(bu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)上的(de)(de)小(xiao)孔以(yi)(yi)鼓泡形(xing)式通過液(ye)層進行化(hua)學反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)，液(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)間(jian)歇或(huo)(huo)連續(xu)(xu)加入，連續(xu)(xu)加入的(de)(de)液(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)可以(yi)(yi)和氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)并(bing)流(liu)或(huo)(huo)逆流(liu)，一般采(cai)用并(bing)流(liu)形(xing)式較(jiao)多。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)在塔(ta)(ta)(ta)內為(wei)(wei)分(fen)散相(xiang)，液(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)為(wei)(wei)連續(xu)(xu)相(xiang)，液(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)返混(hun)程度較(jiao)大(da)(da)。為(wei)(wei)了提高(gao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)分(fen)散程度和減(jian)少液(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)軸向循環，可以(yi)(yi)在塔(ta)(ta)(ta)內安置(zhi)水(shui)平(ping)多孔隔板(ban)。當(dang)吸收或(huo)(huo)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)過程熱(re)(re)效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)不大(da)(da)時(shi)，可采(cai)用夾(jia)套(tao)換熱(re)(re)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)，熱(re)(re)效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)較(jiao)大(da)(da)時(shi)，可在塔(ta)(ta)(ta)內增設換熱(re)(re)蛇管或(huo)(huo)采(cai)用塔(ta)(ta)(ta)外換熱(re)(re)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)，也可以(yi)(yi)利(li)用反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)液(ye)蒸(zheng)發(fa)的(de)(de)方法帶走熱(re)(re)量。
④. 固(gu)定床(chuang)反(fan)應器
固(gu)(gu)(gu)定(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)板反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器是(shi)指流(liu)體(ti)通過靜(jing)止不動的(de)(de)(de)固(gu)(gu)(gu)體(ti)物料所形成的(de)(de)(de)床(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)而(er)進行化(hua)學反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)設備。以氣-固(gu)(gu)(gu)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)固(gu)(gu)(gu)定(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器最常見。固(gu)(gu)(gu)定(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器根(gen)據(ju)床(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)數的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)少又可分為(wei)單(dan)段式(shi)(shi)和多(duo)段式(shi)(shi)兩種類(lei)型。單(dan)段式(shi)(shi)一般為(wei)高(gao)徑比不大的(de)(de)(de)圓筒(tong)體(ti)，在(zai)圓筒(tong)體(ti)下部裝有柵板等板件，其(qi)上為(wei)催(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)，均勻(yun)地堆置一定(ding)厚度的(de)(de)(de)催(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)固(gu)(gu)(gu)體(ti)顆粒。單(dan)段式(shi)(shi)固(gu)(gu)(gu)定(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器結構簡單(dan)、造價便宜、反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器體(ti)積(ji)利(li)用率(lv)高(gao)。多(duo)段式(shi)(shi)是(shi)在(zai)圓筒(tong)體(ti)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器內設有多(duo)個催(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)，在(zai)各床(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)之間可采用多(duo)種方式(shi)(shi)進行反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)物料的(de)(de)(de)換熱。其(qi)特點是(shi)便于控制調節反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)溫(wen)(wen)度，防止反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)溫(wen)(wen)度超(chao)出允許范圍。
⑤. 流化床(chuang)反應器(qi)
細(xi)小(xiao)的(de)固(gu)體(ti)顆粒被(bei)流(liu)(liu)動著的(de)流(liu)(liu)體(ti)攜帶，具(ju)有流(liu)(liu)體(ti)一(yi)樣自(zi)由流(liu)(liu)動的(de)性質，此(ci)種現象稱(cheng)為固(gu)體(ti)的(de)流(liu)(liu)態(tai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)。一(yi)般把(ba)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器和(he)在其(qi)中呈流(liu)(liu)態(tai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)固(gu)體(ti)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)顆粒合在一(yi)起，稱(cheng)為流(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器。流(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器多用于(yu)氣(qi)-固(gu)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)過程。當原料氣(qi)通過反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器催化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)層時，催化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)顆粒受氣(qi)流(liu)(liu)作用而懸浮起來呈翻滾沸(fei)騰(teng)(teng)狀，原料氣(qi)在處于(yu)流(liu)(liu)態(tai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)表面進行化(hua)(hua)(hua)學反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)，此(ci)時的(de)催化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)層即為流(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)，也叫沸(fei)騰(teng)(teng)床(chuang)(chuang)。流(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器的(de)形式(shi)(shi)很(hen)多，但一(yi)般都由殼體(ti)、內(nei)部構(gou)(gou)件、固(gu)體(ti)顆粒裝卸設備及氣(qi)體(ti)分布(bu)、傳熱、氣(qi)固(gu)分離裝置等構(gou)(gou)成。流(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器也可根據(ju)床(chuang)(chuang)層結(jie)構(gou)(gou)分為圓(yuan)筒(tong)式(shi)(shi)、圓(yuan)錐式(shi)(shi)和(he)多管式(shi)(shi)等類(lei)型。
不(bu)同(tong)類型(xing)反(fan)應(ying)器在工業(ye)生產中的適用(yong)情況見(jian)表(biao)6.2。不(bu)同(tong)結構形(xing)式的反(fan)應(ying)器在工業(ye)裝(zhuang)置中的應(ying)用(yong)舉例見(jian)表(biao)6.3。
