反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)過程的基本(ben)特征(zheng)決(jue)定了適宜的反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)形式。例如氣(qi)固相(xiang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)過程大致是用固定床反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)、流化(hua)床反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)或移動床反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)。但是適宜的選型則需(xu)考慮反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)的熱(re)效應(ying)(ying)、對反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)轉化(hua)率(lv)(lv)和選擇率(lv)(lv)的要求、催(cui)化(hua)劑物理化(hua)學(xue)性態和失(shi)活等多種因素(su)。

  不銹鋼(gang)反應(ying)器的(de)操作方(fang)式(shi)和加料(liao)方(fang)式(shi)也需考慮。例如，對(dui)于有串(chuan)聯(lian)或平行副反應(ying)的(de)過程，分(fen)段(duan)進料(liao)可(ke)能優于一次進料(liao)。溫(wen)度(du)序(xu)列(lie)也是反應(ying)器選型的(de)一個重要因(yin)素。例如，對(dui)于放熱(re)的(de)可(ke)逆反應(ying)，應(ying)采用先高(gao)后低的(de)溫(wen)度(du)序(xu)列(lie)，多級(ji)、級(ji)間換熱(re)式(shi)反應(ying)器可(ke)使反應(ying)器的(de)溫(wen)度(du)序(xu)列(lie)趨(qu)于合理。

下面主要介(jie)紹釜式(shi)反(fan)(fan)應器(qi)、管(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)應器(qi)、塔(ta)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)應器(qi)、固(gu)定床反(fan)(fan)應器(qi)、流化(hua)床反(fan)(fan)應器(qi)。

①. 釜(fu)式(shi)反應器(qi)

  釜式(shi)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)也(ye)稱槽式(shi)、鍋式(shi)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)，它是各類反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)中(zhong)結構較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)為簡(jian)單且應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)廣的(de)一種。主要(yao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)液(ye)-液(ye)均相反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)氣-液(ye)、液(ye)-液(ye)非均相反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)也(ye)有應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)化工(gong)生產(chan)中(zhong)，既適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)間(jian)歇操(cao)作(zuo)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，又(you)可(ke)單釜或(huo)多釜串(chuan)聯用(yong)(yong)于(yu)連(lian)續操(cao)作(zuo)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，但在(zai)(zai)(zai)間(jian)歇生產(chan)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)最多。釜式(shi)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)具有適用(yong)(yong)的(de)溫度(du)和壓力范圍寬(kuan)、適應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)性強、操(cao)作(zuo)彈性大(da)、連(lian)續操(cao)作(zuo)時溫度(du)濃度(du)容易控制、產(chan)品質量(liang)均一等特點(dian)(dian)。但用(yong)(yong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高轉(zhuan)化率工(gong)藝要(yao)求時，需要(yao)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大(da)容積。通常(chang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)操(cao)作(zuo)條件(jian)比較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)緩和的(de)情況下使用(yong)(yong)，如常(chang)壓、溫度(du)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)低且低于(yu)物(wu)料(liao)沸點(dian)(dian)時，應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)此類反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)最為普(pu)遍。

②. 管式反(fan)應器(qi)

  管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)主要用(yong)于(yu)氣(qi)相(xiang)、液相(xiang)、氣(qi)-液相(xiang)連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)過程，由單(dan)根(gen)（直(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)或(huo)(huo)盤管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)）連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)或(huo)(huo)多根(gen)平(ping)行排列的管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)組成(cheng)，一般設有(you)(you)套管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)或(huo)(huo)殼(ke)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)換熱裝置。操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)時，物料自一端(duan)連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)加(jia)入，在(zai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)中連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)，從(cong)另一端(duan)連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)流(liu)出，便(bian)達到了(le)要求的轉化(hua)率。由于(yu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)能(neng)承受較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)(gao)的壓力，故(gu)用(yong)于(yu)加(jia)壓反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)尤為合(he)(he)適，例如油脂(zhi)或(huo)(huo)脂(zhi)肪(fang)酸加(jia)氫生產高(gao)(gao)碳醇、裂解反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)的管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)爐便(bian)是管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)。此種反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)具有(you)(you)容積小、比表(biao)面大(da)(da)、返(fan)混少、反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)混合(he)(he)物連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)性變(bian)化(hua)、易(yi)于(yu)控制等(deng)(deng)優點。但若反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)速度(du)較(jiao)(jiao)慢時，則有(you)(you)所需管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)長、壓降較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)等(deng)(deng)不足。隨著(zhu)化(hua)工生產越來越趨于(yu)大(da)(da)型化(hua)、連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)化(hua)、自動化(hua)，連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)的管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)在(zai)生產中使(shi)用(yong)越來越多，某些傳統上一直(zhi)使(shi)用(yong)間(jian)歇攪拌釜的高(gao)(gao)分(fen)子(zi)聚合(he)(he)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)，目(mu)前也開始(shi)改(gai)用(yong)連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)的管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)。管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)的長徑比較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)，與釜式(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)相(xiang)比在(zai)結構上差異較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)，有(you)(you)直(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)、盤管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)、多管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)等(deng)(deng)。

③. 塔式(shi)反應(ying)器(qi)

  塔(ta)式(shi)(shi)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)器的(de)(de)長徑比介于釜式(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)管式(shi)(shi)之間。主要用于氣(qi)-液(ye)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)，常用的(de)(de)有(you)鼓泡塔(ta)、填料(liao)塔(ta)、板(ban)(ban)式(shi)(shi)塔(ta)。最常用的(de)(de)是鼓泡塔(ta)式(shi)(shi)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)器，底(di)部裝有(you)氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)分布器，殼外(wai)(wai)裝有(you)夾套(tao)或(huo)其他形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)換(huan)(huan)熱(re)(re)器或(huo)設有(you)擴大段、液(ye)滴捕集器等(deng)。反(fan)應(ying)(ying)氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)通過分布器上的(de)(de)小孔(kong)以(yi)鼓泡形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)通過液(ye)層進行化學反(fan)應(ying)(ying)，液(ye)體(ti)(ti)間歇或(huo)連續(xu)(xu)加入(ru)，連續(xu)(xu)加入(ru)的(de)(de)液(ye)體(ti)(ti)可(ke)以(yi)和(he)(he)氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)并流或(huo)逆流，一般(ban)采用并流形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)較(jiao)多(duo)。氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)在(zai)塔(ta)內(nei)(nei)為分散相，液(ye)體(ti)(ti)為連續(xu)(xu)相，液(ye)體(ti)(ti)返混程(cheng)度(du)較(jiao)大。為了提高(gao)氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)分散程(cheng)度(du)和(he)(he)減(jian)少(shao)液(ye)體(ti)(ti)軸向循環，可(ke)以(yi)在(zai)塔(ta)內(nei)(nei)安置(zhi)水(shui)平多(duo)孔(kong)隔板(ban)(ban)。當(dang)吸收(shou)或(huo)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)過程(cheng)熱(re)(re)效應(ying)(ying)不大時(shi)，可(ke)采用夾套(tao)換(huan)(huan)熱(re)(re)裝置(zhi)，熱(re)(re)效應(ying)(ying)較(jiao)大時(shi)，可(ke)在(zai)塔(ta)內(nei)(nei)增設換(huan)(huan)熱(re)(re)蛇管或(huo)采用塔(ta)外(wai)(wai)換(huan)(huan)熱(re)(re)裝置(zhi)，也可(ke)以(yi)利(li)用反(fan)應(ying)(ying)液(ye)蒸發的(de)(de)方法帶(dai)走熱(re)(re)量。

④. 固定(ding)床反(fan)應器

  固(gu)(gu)定(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)板(ban)反(fan)(fan)應器是(shi)指(zhi)流體(ti)(ti)通(tong)過靜止不動的(de)(de)固(gu)(gu)體(ti)(ti)物料所形成的(de)(de)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)(ceng)而(er)進(jin)行化(hua)學反(fan)(fan)應的(de)(de)設備(bei)。以氣(qi)-固(gu)(gu)反(fan)(fan)應的(de)(de)固(gu)(gu)定(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)應器最常見(jian)。固(gu)(gu)定(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)應器根(gen)據床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)(ceng)數的(de)(de)多(duo)少又可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)單段式(shi)和多(duo)段式(shi)兩種類型(xing)。單段式(shi)一般(ban)為(wei)高徑比不大的(de)(de)圓筒(tong)(tong)體(ti)(ti)，在圓筒(tong)(tong)體(ti)(ti)下部裝有(you)柵板(ban)等板(ban)件，其上為(wei)催(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)(ceng)，均勻地堆置一定(ding)厚度的(de)(de)催(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)固(gu)(gu)體(ti)(ti)顆粒。單段式(shi)固(gu)(gu)定(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)應器結(jie)構簡單、造(zao)價便宜(yi)、反(fan)(fan)應器體(ti)(ti)積(ji)利用率高。多(duo)段式(shi)是(shi)在圓筒(tong)(tong)體(ti)(ti)反(fan)(fan)應器內設有(you)多(duo)個催(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)(ceng)，在各床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)(ceng)之間可(ke)采用多(duo)種方(fang)式(shi)進(jin)行反(fan)(fan)應物料的(de)(de)換熱。其特點是(shi)便于控制調(diao)節反(fan)(fan)應溫(wen)度，防止反(fan)(fan)應溫(wen)度超出允(yun)許范圍(wei)。

⑤. 流化床反應器

  細(xi)小的(de)固(gu)體(ti)顆(ke)粒被流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)著的(de)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)體(ti)攜帶(dai)，具有流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)體(ti)一(yi)(yi)樣自由(you)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)的(de)性質，此種現(xian)象稱(cheng)為(wei)固(gu)體(ti)的(de)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)態(tai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)。一(yi)(yi)般把反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和在(zai)(zai)其中呈流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)態(tai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)固(gu)體(ti)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)顆(ke)粒合在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)起，稱(cheng)為(wei)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)多用于氣-固(gu)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)過程。當原(yuan)料(liao)氣通過反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層時，催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)顆(ke)粒受氣流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)作用而懸浮起來呈翻滾沸騰狀，原(yuan)料(liao)氣在(zai)(zai)處于流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)態(tai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)表(biao)面進行化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)，此時的(de)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層即為(wei)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，也叫沸騰床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)。流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)形(xing)式很(hen)多，但一(yi)(yi)般都由(you)殼體(ti)、內部(bu)構(gou)(gou)件、固(gu)體(ti)顆(ke)粒裝卸設備(bei)及氣體(ti)分布、傳熱、氣固(gu)分離裝置等(deng)構(gou)(gou)成。流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)也可根據床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層結構(gou)(gou)分為(wei)圓筒式、圓錐(zhui)式和多管式等(deng)類型。

  不(bu)同類型反(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)在(zai)工(gong)業生產中的(de)適用情(qing)況見表6.2。不(bu)同結構形式的(de)反(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)在(zai)工(gong)業裝置中的(de)應(ying)用舉例見表6.3。