反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)過(guo)程的(de)基本特(te)征決(jue)定(ding)了適(shi)宜(yi)的(de)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)形(xing)式。例如氣固相反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)過(guo)程大致(zhi)是用(yong)固定(ding)床反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)、流化(hua)床反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)或移動床反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)。但是適(shi)宜(yi)的(de)選型則需考(kao)慮反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)的(de)熱(re)效應(ying)、對反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)轉化(hua)率和選擇率的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)、催化(hua)劑(ji)物理化(hua)學性態和失活等多(duo)種因素。
不銹鋼反(fan)應(ying)(ying)器的(de)操作方(fang)式(shi)和(he)加料(liao)方(fang)式(shi)也(ye)需考慮。例如，對于有(you)串聯或平行副反(fan)應(ying)(ying)的(de)過(guo)程，分段進料(liao)可能優于一(yi)次進料(liao)。溫(wen)度序(xu)列(lie)也(ye)是反(fan)應(ying)(ying)器選型的(de)一(yi)個重(zhong)要因素。例如，對于放熱(re)的(de)可逆反(fan)應(ying)(ying)，應(ying)(ying)采用先高后低的(de)溫(wen)度序(xu)列(lie)，多級(ji)、級(ji)間換熱(re)式(shi)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)器可使反(fan)應(ying)(ying)器的(de)溫(wen)度序(xu)列(lie)趨(qu)于合理。
下面主要(yao)介紹釜式(shi)反(fan)應器(qi)、管(guan)式(shi)反(fan)應器(qi)、塔式(shi)反(fan)應器(qi)、固定床(chuang)反(fan)應器(qi)、流化床(chuang)反(fan)應器(qi)。
①. 釜式反(fan)應器
釜式反應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)也(ye)稱(cheng)槽式、鍋式反應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)，它是各類反應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)中結(jie)構較(jiao)為簡單且應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)較(jiao)廣的一(yi)種。主要應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)于(yu)液(ye)-液(ye)均(jun)相(xiang)反應(ying)(ying)(ying)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)，在(zai)氣-液(ye)、液(ye)-液(ye)非均(jun)相(xiang)反應(ying)(ying)(ying)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中也(ye)有應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)。在(zai)化(hua)工生產(chan)中，既適(shi)(shi)用(yong)于(yu)間(jian)歇(xie)操作(zuo)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)，又可單釜或(huo)多(duo)釜串聯用(yong)于(yu)連(lian)續操作(zuo)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)，但(dan)在(zai)間(jian)歇(xie)生產(chan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)最(zui)(zui)多(duo)。釜式反應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)具(ju)有適(shi)(shi)用(yong)的溫度(du)(du)和壓力范圍寬、適(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)性(xing)強、操作(zuo)彈性(xing)大、連(lian)續操作(zuo)時(shi)溫度(du)(du)濃度(du)(du)容易控制、產(chan)品質(zhi)量均(jun)一(yi)等特點。但(dan)用(yong)在(zai)較(jiao)高轉化(hua)率工藝要求時(shi)，需要較(jiao)大容積。通常在(zai)操作(zuo)條件比較(jiao)緩和的情況下(xia)使用(yong)，如常壓、溫度(du)(du)較(jiao)低且低于(yu)物料沸點時(shi)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)此類反應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)最(zui)(zui)為普遍。
②. 管式反應(ying)器
管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器主要(yao)用(yong)于(yu)氣相(xiang)(xiang)、液相(xiang)(xiang)、氣-液相(xiang)(xiang)連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)過程，由單(dan)根(gen)（直(zhi)(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)或(huo)(huo)盤管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)）連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)或(huo)(huo)多根(gen)平(ping)行排列的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)子組成(cheng)，一(yi)般設有套管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)或(huo)(huo)殼管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)換熱裝置。操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)，物(wu)料自(zi)一(yi)端(duan)連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)加(jia)入，在管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)中連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)，從另一(yi)端(duan)連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)流(liu)出，便(bian)達到了要(yao)求的(de)轉化率。由于(yu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器能承受較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)壓力，故用(yong)于(yu)加(jia)壓反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)尤為合適，例如油脂或(huo)(huo)脂肪(fang)酸加(jia)氫生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)高碳醇(chun)、裂解反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)爐便(bian)是(shi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器。此種(zhong)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器具有容積(ji)小、比表面大(da)、返(fan)混少、反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)混合物(wu)連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)性變化、易于(yu)控制等優點。但(dan)若反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)速度較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)慢時(shi)，則有所需(xu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)子長(chang)(chang)、壓降(jiang)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大(da)等不足。隨著(zhu)化工(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)越來越趨(qu)于(yu)大(da)型化、連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)化、自(zi)動化，連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器在生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)中使用(yong)越來越多，某些傳統上一(yi)直(zhi)(zhi)使用(yong)間歇攪拌(ban)釜的(de)高分(fen)子聚合反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)，目前也開(kai)始改(gai)用(yong)連(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器。管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器的(de)長(chang)(chang)徑比較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大(da)，與釜式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器相(xiang)(xiang)比在結構(gou)上差異較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)大(da)，有直(zhi)(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)、盤管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)、多管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)等。
③. 塔(ta)式反應(ying)器(qi)
塔(ta)(ta)(ta)式(shi)反(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)的(de)長徑比(bi)介(jie)于(yu)釜式(shi)和管式(shi)之間(jian)。主要用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)氣(qi)(qi)-液(ye)反(fan)應(ying)，常用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)有鼓泡(pao)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)、填(tian)料塔(ta)(ta)(ta)、板式(shi)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)。最常用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)是鼓泡(pao)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)式(shi)反(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)，底部裝有氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)分布器(qi)(qi)，殼外(wai)(wai)裝有夾套(tao)或(huo)其(qi)他形式(shi)換(huan)(huan)熱(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)或(huo)設有擴大(da)(da)段、液(ye)滴捕集器(qi)(qi)等。反(fan)應(ying)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)通過(guo)分布器(qi)(qi)上的(de)小孔以鼓泡(pao)形式(shi)通過(guo)液(ye)層進行化學反(fan)應(ying)，液(ye)體(ti)(ti)間(jian)歇或(huo)連續(xu)加入，連續(xu)加入的(de)液(ye)體(ti)(ti)可(ke)(ke)以和氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)并(bing)流(liu)(liu)或(huo)逆(ni)流(liu)(liu)，一般(ban)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)并(bing)流(liu)(liu)形式(shi)較多(duo)。氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)在塔(ta)(ta)(ta)內為分散相，液(ye)體(ti)(ti)為連續(xu)相，液(ye)體(ti)(ti)返混程度較大(da)(da)。為了提(ti)高氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)分散程度和減少液(ye)體(ti)(ti)軸向循環，可(ke)(ke)以在塔(ta)(ta)(ta)內安置(zhi)水平多(duo)孔隔板。當吸收(shou)或(huo)反(fan)應(ying)過(guo)程熱(re)(re)效(xiao)應(ying)不大(da)(da)時，可(ke)(ke)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)夾套(tao)換(huan)(huan)熱(re)(re)裝置(zhi)，熱(re)(re)效(xiao)應(ying)較大(da)(da)時，可(ke)(ke)在塔(ta)(ta)(ta)內增設換(huan)(huan)熱(re)(re)蛇管或(huo)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)外(wai)(wai)換(huan)(huan)熱(re)(re)裝置(zhi)，也可(ke)(ke)以利用(yong)(yong)(yong)反(fan)應(ying)液(ye)蒸發的(de)方法帶走熱(re)(re)量(liang)。
④. 固定床反應(ying)器
固(gu)定(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)板反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)是指流體通過靜止不動的(de)(de)(de)固(gu)體物料所(suo)形成的(de)(de)(de)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)(ceng)而進行(xing)化(hua)學反(fan)(fan)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)備。以氣(qi)-固(gu)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)固(gu)定(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)最常(chang)見。固(gu)定(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)根據床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)(ceng)數的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)少(shao)又(you)可分為單(dan)段式(shi)(shi)和多(duo)段式(shi)(shi)兩種(zhong)類型。單(dan)段式(shi)(shi)一(yi)般為高徑比不大的(de)(de)(de)圓筒(tong)體，在(zai)圓筒(tong)體下部裝有(you)柵(zha)板等板件，其上為催化(hua)劑(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)(ceng)，均勻地堆置一(yi)定(ding)厚度的(de)(de)(de)催化(hua)劑(ji)固(gu)體顆粒。單(dan)段式(shi)(shi)固(gu)定(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)結構簡單(dan)、造(zao)價便宜、反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)體積利用率(lv)高。多(duo)段式(shi)(shi)是在(zai)圓筒(tong)體反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)內設(she)有(you)多(duo)個(ge)催化(hua)劑(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)(ceng)，在(zai)各床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)(ceng)之間可采用多(duo)種(zhong)方式(shi)(shi)進行(xing)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)物料的(de)(de)(de)換熱。其特點是便于(yu)控制調(diao)節反(fan)(fan)應(ying)溫度，防止反(fan)(fan)應(ying)溫度超出允許(xu)范圍。
⑤. 流化(hua)床反應(ying)器
細小的(de)(de)(de)固(gu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)顆粒(li)(li)被流(liu)(liu)(liu)動著的(de)(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)(liu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)攜(xie)帶，具有流(liu)(liu)(liu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)一(yi)樣自(zi)由流(liu)(liu)(liu)動的(de)(de)(de)性質，此(ci)種現象稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)固(gu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)(liu)態化(hua)(hua)。一(yi)般把(ba)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和在(zai)其中呈(cheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)態化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)固(gu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)催化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)顆粒(li)(li)合在(zai)一(yi)起，稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)流(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。流(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)多用于氣-固(gu)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)過程。當原料(liao)氣通過反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)催化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層時，催化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)顆粒(li)(li)受氣流(liu)(liu)(liu)作用而懸(xuan)浮起來呈(cheng)翻滾沸騰狀，原料(liao)氣在(zai)處于流(liu)(liu)(liu)態化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)催化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)表面進行化(hua)(hua)學(xue)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)，此(ci)時的(de)(de)(de)催化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層即為(wei)(wei)流(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，也叫(jiao)沸騰床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)。流(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)形式很多，但一(yi)般都由殼體(ti)(ti)(ti)、內部構件、固(gu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)顆粒(li)(li)裝卸設(she)備及氣體(ti)(ti)(ti)分布、傳(chuan)熱、氣固(gu)分離裝置(zhi)等構成。流(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)也可根據(ju)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層結構分為(wei)(wei)圓筒式、圓錐式和多管(guan)式等類型。
不同類型反(fan)應器在工業(ye)生產中的(de)(de)適用情況(kuang)見表6.2。不同結構形(xing)式(shi)的(de)(de)反(fan)應器在工業(ye)裝置(zhi)中的(de)(de)應用舉(ju)例(li)見表6.3。
