反應(ying)過(guo)程的(de)基(ji)本特征(zheng)決定了適宜的(de)反應(ying)器(qi)(qi)形式。例如氣固(gu)相反應(ying)過(guo)程大致(zhi)是用固(gu)定床反應(ying)器(qi)(qi)、流化(hua)床反應(ying)器(qi)(qi)或(huo)移(yi)動床反應(ying)器(qi)(qi)。但是適宜的(de)選型則需(xu)考慮反應(ying)的(de)熱(re)效應(ying)、對反應(ying)轉化(hua)率和(he)選擇率的(de)要求、催化(hua)劑物理化(hua)學性(xing)態和(he)失活等多種因素。

  不銹(xiu)鋼反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)操作方式(shi)和(he)加料方式(shi)也(ye)需考慮。例如(ru)，對于(yu)有串聯或平(ping)行副反(fan)(fan)應(ying)的(de)(de)過程，分段(duan)進料可能優于(yu)一次(ci)進料。溫(wen)度(du)序(xu)列也(ye)是反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)選型的(de)(de)一個(ge)重要(yao)因素。例如(ru)，對于(yu)放(fang)熱的(de)(de)可逆反(fan)(fan)應(ying)，應(ying)采用先高(gao)后低的(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)序(xu)列，多(duo)級(ji)、級(ji)間換熱式(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)可使反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)序(xu)列趨于(yu)合理。

下面主要介紹釜式(shi)反應(ying)(ying)器(qi)、管(guan)式(shi)反應(ying)(ying)器(qi)、塔式(shi)反應(ying)(ying)器(qi)、固(gu)定(ding)床反應(ying)(ying)器(qi)、流化(hua)床反應(ying)(ying)器(qi)。

①. 釜式反應(ying)器

  釜式反應(ying)器(qi)也(ye)稱槽式、鍋(guo)式反應(ying)器(qi)，它(ta)是(shi)各類反應(ying)器(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)結構較(jiao)(jiao)為簡單且應(ying)用(yong)(yong)較(jiao)(jiao)廣的一(yi)種。主要(yao)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)液(ye)-液(ye)均(jun)(jun)相反應(ying)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，在(zai)(zai)氣-液(ye)、液(ye)-液(ye)非均(jun)(jun)相反應(ying)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)有(you)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)。在(zai)(zai)化(hua)工生產(chan)中(zhong)(zhong)，既適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)間歇(xie)操作過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，又(you)可單釜或(huo)多釜串聯(lian)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)連(lian)續(xu)操作過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，但在(zai)(zai)間歇(xie)生產(chan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)最多。釜式反應(ying)器(qi)具有(you)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)的溫度(du)(du)(du)和壓力范(fan)圍寬、適(shi)應(ying)性強、操作彈性大、連(lian)續(xu)操作時溫度(du)(du)(du)濃度(du)(du)(du)容(rong)易控(kong)制、產(chan)品質量均(jun)(jun)一(yi)等(deng)特(te)點。但用(yong)(yong)在(zai)(zai)較(jiao)(jiao)高轉化(hua)率工藝(yi)要(yao)求時，需要(yao)較(jiao)(jiao)大容(rong)積。通常在(zai)(zai)操作條件(jian)比較(jiao)(jiao)緩和的情況下(xia)使用(yong)(yong)，如(ru)常壓、溫度(du)(du)(du)較(jiao)(jiao)低且低于(yu)物料沸點時，應(ying)用(yong)(yong)此類反應(ying)器(qi)最為普遍。

②. 管式反應器

  管(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)主要用于(yu)(yu)氣相(xiang)、液相(xiang)、氣-液相(xiang)連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)過程，由單(dan)根(gen)（直管(guan)(guan)(guan)或盤管(guan)(guan)(guan)）連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)或多(duo)(duo)根(gen)平行排列(lie)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)組成，一般(ban)設有(you)套管(guan)(guan)(guan)或殼(ke)管(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)換熱(re)裝(zhuang)置。操作(zuo)時，物(wu)料自一端連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)加(jia)入，在管(guan)(guan)(guan)中連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)，從另一端連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)流(liu)出，便達到了要求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)化率。由于(yu)(yu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)能承受較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)壓力，故用于(yu)(yu)加(jia)壓反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)尤為合適，例如油脂或脂肪酸加(jia)氫生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)高(gao)碳醇(chun)、裂解(jie)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)爐便是(shi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)。此種反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)具(ju)有(you)容積小、比(bi)表面大、返混少、反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)混合物(wu)連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)性變化、易于(yu)(yu)控制等(deng)(deng)優點。但若(ruo)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)速(su)度較(jiao)慢時，則有(you)所需管(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)長、壓降較(jiao)大等(deng)(deng)不足。隨著化工(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)趨于(yu)(yu)大型化、連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)化、自動化，連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)操作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)在生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)中使用越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)多(duo)(duo)，某(mou)些傳(chuan)統上一直使用間歇攪拌釜(fu)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)分子(zi)聚合反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)，目前也開(kai)始改用連(lian)(lian)(lian)續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)操作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)。管(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)長徑比(bi)較(jiao)大，與釜(fu)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)相(xiang)比(bi)在結構(gou)上差異較(jiao)大，有(you)直管(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)、盤管(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)、多(duo)(duo)管(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)等(deng)(deng)。

③. 塔式反應器

  塔(ta)(ta)式反應(ying)器的(de)(de)(de)長徑比介于(yu)釜(fu)式和管式之間。主要用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)氣(qi)(qi)-液反應(ying)，常用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)鼓泡(pao)塔(ta)(ta)、填料塔(ta)(ta)、板式塔(ta)(ta)。最常用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)是鼓泡(pao)塔(ta)(ta)式反應(ying)器，底部裝有(you)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)分(fen)布器，殼外(wai)裝有(you)夾套或其他形式換(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)器或設(she)有(you)擴大(da)段、液滴(di)捕集器等。反應(ying)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)分(fen)布器上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)小孔(kong)(kong)以(yi)鼓泡(pao)形式通(tong)過(guo)(guo)液層進(jin)行化(hua)學反應(ying)，液體(ti)(ti)間歇或連續加(jia)入，連續加(jia)入的(de)(de)(de)液體(ti)(ti)可以(yi)和氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)并流(liu)(liu)或逆流(liu)(liu)，一般(ban)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)并流(liu)(liu)形式較(jiao)多(duo)。氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)在塔(ta)(ta)內(nei)為(wei)(wei)分(fen)散相(xiang)，液體(ti)(ti)為(wei)(wei)連續相(xiang)，液體(ti)(ti)返混程(cheng)度(du)較(jiao)大(da)。為(wei)(wei)了(le)提高氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)分(fen)散程(cheng)度(du)和減少液體(ti)(ti)軸(zhou)向循環，可以(yi)在塔(ta)(ta)內(nei)安置水平多(duo)孔(kong)(kong)隔板。當吸收(shou)或反應(ying)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)效(xiao)應(ying)不大(da)時(shi)(shi)，可采用(yong)(yong)(yong)夾套換(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)裝置，熱(re)(re)(re)(re)效(xiao)應(ying)較(jiao)大(da)時(shi)(shi)，可在塔(ta)(ta)內(nei)增設(she)換(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)蛇(she)管或采用(yong)(yong)(yong)塔(ta)(ta)外(wai)換(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)裝置，也(ye)可以(yi)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)反應(ying)液蒸發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法帶(dai)走(zou)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)量(liang)。

④. 固定床反(fan)應(ying)器(qi)

  固(gu)定(ding)(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)板反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)指(zhi)流體(ti)(ti)通過靜止不動的(de)(de)(de)固(gu)體(ti)(ti)物料(liao)所形成的(de)(de)(de)床(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)(ceng)而進行化學(xue)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)設備。以(yi)氣-固(gu)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)最(zui)常見。固(gu)定(ding)(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)根據床(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)(ceng)數的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)少又(you)可分為(wei)單段(duan)式和多(duo)(duo)段(duan)式兩種類型。單段(duan)式一般為(wei)高徑比不大的(de)(de)(de)圓(yuan)筒體(ti)(ti)，在(zai)圓(yuan)筒體(ti)(ti)下部裝有(you)柵板等(deng)板件，其(qi)上(shang)為(wei)催化劑床(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)(ceng)，均勻地堆置一定(ding)(ding)厚(hou)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)催化劑固(gu)體(ti)(ti)顆粒(li)。單段(duan)式固(gu)定(ding)(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)結(jie)構簡(jian)單、造價(jia)便宜、反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)積(ji)利用(yong)(yong)率(lv)高。多(duo)(duo)段(duan)式是(shi)在(zai)圓(yuan)筒體(ti)(ti)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)內設有(you)多(duo)(duo)個(ge)催化劑床(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)(ceng)，在(zai)各床(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)(ceng)之間可采用(yong)(yong)多(duo)(duo)種方式進行反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)物料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)換熱(re)。其(qi)特(te)點是(shi)便于控制調節反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)溫(wen)度(du)，防止反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)溫(wen)度(du)超出允許范圍。

⑤. 流化床反應器

  細小(xiao)的(de)固(gu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)顆(ke)粒(li)被流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動著的(de)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)攜帶，具(ju)有(you)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)一(yi)樣自由流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動的(de)性質，此(ci)(ci)種現(xian)象稱為固(gu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)態(tai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)。一(yi)般把(ba)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)和(he)在(zai)其中(zhong)呈(cheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)態(tai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)固(gu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)顆(ke)粒(li)合(he)在(zai)一(yi)起(qi)，稱為流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)。流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)多(duo)用于氣(qi)(qi)-固(gu)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)過程。當原料氣(qi)(qi)通(tong)過反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)層時，催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)顆(ke)粒(li)受(shou)氣(qi)(qi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)作用而懸浮(fu)起(qi)來呈(cheng)翻滾沸騰(teng)狀，原料氣(qi)(qi)在(zai)處(chu)于流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)態(tai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)表面進行化(hua)(hua)(hua)學反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)，此(ci)(ci)時的(de)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)劑(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)層即為流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)，也叫(jiao)沸騰(teng)床(chuang)(chuang)。流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)的(de)形(xing)式(shi)很(hen)多(duo)，但一(yi)般都(dou)由殼體(ti)(ti)(ti)、內部構件、固(gu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)顆(ke)粒(li)裝(zhuang)卸設備(bei)及氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)分(fen)布、傳熱、氣(qi)(qi)固(gu)分(fen)離裝(zhuang)置等構成。流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)也可根據(ju)床(chuang)(chuang)層結構分(fen)為圓(yuan)筒式(shi)、圓(yuan)錐(zhui)式(shi)和(he)多(duo)管式(shi)等類型。

  不同類型(xing)反應器(qi)在工(gong)業生(sheng)產中的(de)適用(yong)情況見表6.2。不同結(jie)構形式的(de)反應器(qi)在工(gong)業裝(zhuang)置中的(de)應用(yong)舉(ju)例見表6.3。