反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)過程(cheng)的基本特征決定(ding)了適宜(yi)的反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器形(xing)式(shi)。例如氣固相(xiang)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)過程(cheng)大致是用(yong)固定(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器、流(liu)化(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器或移(yi)動床(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器。但是適宜(yi)的選(xuan)(xuan)型則需(xu)考(kao)慮反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)的熱效應(ying)(ying)(ying)、對反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)轉化(hua)率和選(xuan)(xuan)擇率的要(yao)求、催化(hua)劑物理化(hua)學性態和失活等(deng)多(duo)種(zhong)因素。

  不(bu)銹鋼反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)的(de)(de)操作方(fang)式和(he)加料(liao)方(fang)式也需考慮。例如(ru)，對于(yu)(yu)有(you)串聯或平行副反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)過程，分段進料(liao)可(ke)能優(you)于(yu)(yu)一次進料(liao)。溫度(du)序列(lie)(lie)也是反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)選(xuan)型的(de)(de)一個重要因(yin)素(su)。例如(ru)，對于(yu)(yu)放(fang)熱(re)(re)的(de)(de)可(ke)逆反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)，應(ying)(ying)采(cai)用先高(gao)后低的(de)(de)溫度(du)序列(lie)(lie)，多級(ji)、級(ji)間換熱(re)(re)式反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)可(ke)使反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)的(de)(de)溫度(du)序列(lie)(lie)趨(qu)于(yu)(yu)合理(li)。

下面主要(yao)介紹釜式反應器、管式反應器、塔式反應器、固(gu)定床反應器、流(liu)化床反應器。

①. 釜(fu)式反應器

  釜(fu)(fu)(fu)式(shi)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)也稱(cheng)槽式(shi)、鍋(guo)式(shi)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)，它是各類反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)中(zhong)結構較(jiao)為簡單且(qie)(qie)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)較(jiao)廣的一種(zhong)。主要(yao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)液(ye)(ye)-液(ye)(ye)均相反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)過(guo)程(cheng)，在(zai)(zai)氣-液(ye)(ye)、液(ye)(ye)-液(ye)(ye)非均相反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)也有應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。在(zai)(zai)化(hua)(hua)工生產(chan)中(zhong)，既適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)間歇操(cao)作過(guo)程(cheng)，又可單釜(fu)(fu)(fu)或多釜(fu)(fu)(fu)串聯用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)連(lian)續操(cao)作過(guo)程(cheng)，但在(zai)(zai)間歇生產(chan)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)最多。釜(fu)(fu)(fu)式(shi)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)具有適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的溫(wen)度和壓(ya)力范圍寬、適(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)性強、操(cao)作彈性大、連(lian)續操(cao)作時(shi)溫(wen)度濃度容易(yi)控制(zhi)、產(chan)品質量均一等特(te)點。但用(yong)(yong)(yong)在(zai)(zai)較(jiao)高轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)率(lv)工藝要(yao)求時(shi)，需(xu)要(yao)較(jiao)大容積。通(tong)常在(zai)(zai)操(cao)作條(tiao)件比較(jiao)緩和的情(qing)況下使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，如常壓(ya)、溫(wen)度較(jiao)低(di)且(qie)(qie)低(di)于(yu)(yu)物料(liao)沸點時(shi)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)此(ci)類反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)最為普(pu)遍(bian)。

②. 管式反(fan)應(ying)器(qi)

  管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)主要用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)氣(qi)相(xiang)、液相(xiang)、氣(qi)-液相(xiang)連(lian)續(xu)(xu)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)過(guo)程，由單根（直(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)或盤管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)）連(lian)續(xu)(xu)或多根平(ping)行排(pai)列的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)組成，一(yi)般設有(you)套管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)或殼管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)換熱(re)裝置。操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)時，物料自(zi)(zi)一(yi)端(duan)連(lian)續(xu)(xu)加入，在(zai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)中連(lian)續(xu)(xu)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)，從另(ling)一(yi)端(duan)連(lian)續(xu)(xu)流出，便(bian)達到了要求的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)化(hua)率。由于(yu)(yu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)能(neng)承受較(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)(de)壓(ya)力，故(gu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)加壓(ya)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)尤為合(he)適(shi)，例如油脂(zhi)或脂(zhi)肪(fang)酸加氫生產高碳(tan)醇、裂解(jie)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)爐便(bian)是管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。此(ci)種反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)具有(you)容積小、比表面大(da)、返混(hun)少(shao)、反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)混(hun)合(he)物連(lian)續(xu)(xu)性(xing)變化(hua)、易于(yu)(yu)控制(zhi)等優點。但(dan)若(ruo)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)速度(du)較(jiao)(jiao)慢時，則有(you)所需管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)(zi)長、壓(ya)降較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)等不足。隨著化(hua)工(gong)生產越(yue)來越(yue)趨于(yu)(yu)大(da)型化(hua)、連(lian)續(xu)(xu)化(hua)、自(zi)(zi)動化(hua)，連(lian)續(xu)(xu)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)生產中使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)越(yue)來越(yue)多，某些傳統上一(yi)直(zhi)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)間歇攪拌釜(fu)的(de)(de)高分子(zi)(zi)聚合(he)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)，目前也開始改用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)連(lian)續(xu)(xu)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)長徑比較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)，與釜(fu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)相(xiang)比在(zai)結構(gou)上差(cha)異較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)，有(you)直(zhi)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)、盤管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)、多管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)等。

③. 塔式(shi)反(fan)應器(qi)

  塔(ta)(ta)(ta)式(shi)反應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器的(de)長徑比介于(yu)釜式(shi)和(he)(he)管式(shi)之間。主要用(yong)(yong)于(yu)氣(qi)(qi)-液(ye)(ye)(ye)反應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)，常用(yong)(yong)的(de)有(you)鼓(gu)(gu)泡(pao)(pao)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)、填(tian)料塔(ta)(ta)(ta)、板(ban)式(shi)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)。最(zui)常用(yong)(yong)的(de)是鼓(gu)(gu)泡(pao)(pao)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)式(shi)反應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器，底部裝(zhuang)(zhuang)有(you)氣(qi)(qi)體分(fen)布(bu)器，殼外(wai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)有(you)夾套(tao)或(huo)其他形(xing)式(shi)換(huan)熱(re)(re)器或(huo)設(she)有(you)擴(kuo)大段(duan)、液(ye)(ye)(ye)滴(di)捕集(ji)器等(deng)。反應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)氣(qi)(qi)體通(tong)過分(fen)布(bu)器上的(de)小(xiao)孔(kong)以鼓(gu)(gu)泡(pao)(pao)形(xing)式(shi)通(tong)過液(ye)(ye)(ye)層進行(xing)化(hua)學反應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)，液(ye)(ye)(ye)體間歇或(huo)連續(xu)加入，連續(xu)加入的(de)液(ye)(ye)(ye)體可以和(he)(he)氣(qi)(qi)體并流或(huo)逆(ni)流，一般(ban)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)并流形(xing)式(shi)較多。氣(qi)(qi)體在(zai)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)內為分(fen)散相(xiang)，液(ye)(ye)(ye)體為連續(xu)相(xiang)，液(ye)(ye)(ye)體返混程(cheng)度較大。為了提高(gao)氣(qi)(qi)體分(fen)散程(cheng)度和(he)(he)減少液(ye)(ye)(ye)體軸向循(xun)環(huan)，可以在(zai)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)內安置水平多孔(kong)隔板(ban)。當吸(xi)收或(huo)反應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)過程(cheng)熱(re)(re)效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)不大時(shi)，可采(cai)用(yong)(yong)夾套(tao)換(huan)熱(re)(re)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置，熱(re)(re)效(xiao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)較大時(shi)，可在(zai)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)內增設(she)換(huan)熱(re)(re)蛇管或(huo)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)外(wai)換(huan)熱(re)(re)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置，也可以利用(yong)(yong)反應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)液(ye)(ye)(ye)蒸發(fa)的(de)方法(fa)帶走熱(re)(re)量。

④. 固定床反應(ying)器

  固(gu)定(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)板反應(ying)器是(shi)指(zhi)流體通過(guo)靜(jing)止不動的(de)(de)固(gu)體物料所形成的(de)(de)床(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)而進(jin)行化(hua)(hua)學反應(ying)的(de)(de)設(she)備。以氣-固(gu)反應(ying)的(de)(de)固(gu)定(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)反應(ying)器最常見(jian)。固(gu)定(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)反應(ying)器根據床(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)數的(de)(de)多少(shao)又可分為(wei)單(dan)段(duan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)和多段(duan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)兩種(zhong)(zhong)類型。單(dan)段(duan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)一般為(wei)高徑比(bi)不大的(de)(de)圓(yuan)筒體，在(zai)圓(yuan)筒體下部裝(zhuang)有柵板等板件，其上為(wei)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)劑床(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)，均勻地堆(dui)置一定(ding)厚(hou)度的(de)(de)催(cui)化(hua)(hua)劑固(gu)體顆粒。單(dan)段(duan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)固(gu)定(ding)床(chuang)(chuang)反應(ying)器結構簡單(dan)、造價便宜、反應(ying)器體積利用率高。多段(duan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)在(zai)圓(yuan)筒體反應(ying)器內設(she)有多個催(cui)化(hua)(hua)劑床(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)，在(zai)各床(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)之(zhi)間(jian)可采用多種(zhong)(zhong)方式(shi)(shi)(shi)進(jin)行反應(ying)物料的(de)(de)換熱(re)。其特點(dian)是(shi)便于(yu)控(kong)制調節反應(ying)溫度，防止反應(ying)溫度超出允(yun)許范(fan)圍(wei)。

⑤. 流化床反應(ying)器

  細(xi)小的固體(ti)顆(ke)粒被(bei)流(liu)動(dong)(dong)著的流(liu)體(ti)攜帶(dai)，具有流(liu)體(ti)一樣自(zi)由流(liu)動(dong)(dong)的性質，此種現象(xiang)稱為(wei)(wei)固體(ti)的流(liu)態(tai)化(hua)(hua)。一般(ban)把反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和在(zai)其中(zhong)呈(cheng)流(liu)態(tai)化(hua)(hua)的固體(ti)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)顆(ke)粒合在(zai)一起，稱為(wei)(wei)流(liu)化(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。流(liu)化(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)多(duo)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)氣(qi)-固反(fan)(fan)應(ying)過程。當原料氣(qi)通過反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)時，催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)顆(ke)粒受氣(qi)流(liu)作用(yong)(yong)而懸(xuan)浮起來呈(cheng)翻滾(gun)沸騰狀，原料氣(qi)在(zai)處于(yu)流(liu)態(tai)化(hua)(hua)的催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)表面進行化(hua)(hua)學(xue)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)，此時的催(cui)(cui)化(hua)(hua)劑(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)即為(wei)(wei)流(liu)化(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，也叫沸騰床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)。流(liu)化(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的形式(shi)很多(duo)，但一般(ban)都(dou)由殼(ke)體(ti)、內(nei)部構件、固體(ti)顆(ke)粒裝(zhuang)卸設備及氣(qi)體(ti)分(fen)布、傳熱、氣(qi)固分(fen)離裝(zhuang)置等構成。流(liu)化(hua)(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)也可(ke)根據床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)結構分(fen)為(wei)(wei)圓筒式(shi)、圓錐(zhui)式(shi)和多(duo)管式(shi)等類型。

  不(bu)(bu)同類型反應器在(zai)工業(ye)生產中(zhong)的(de)適用(yong)情(qing)況見(jian)表6.2。不(bu)(bu)同結構形式(shi)的(de)反應器在(zai)工業(ye)裝置中(zhong)的(de)應用(yong)舉(ju)例(li)見(jian)表6.3。