按塔(ta)(ta)(ta)內(nei)件結構(gou)可分為：板式(shi)(shi)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)和(he)填料塔(ta)(ta)(ta)。塔(ta)(ta)(ta)設備盡(jin)管(guan)其用途各異，操作條件也各不相同(tong)，但就其構(gou)造而言大同(tong)小異，主要由(you)(you)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)體(ti)(ti)(ti)、支(zhi)座(zuo)、內(nei)部構(gou)件及(ji)附件組成。根據(ju)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)內(nei)部構(gou)件的(de)(de)結構(gou)可以將其分為板式(shi)(shi)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)和(he)填料塔(ta)(ta)(ta)兩(liang)大類。塔(ta)(ta)(ta)體(ti)(ti)(ti)是(shi)(shi)(shi)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)設備的(de)(de)外(wai)殼，由(you)(you)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)筒和(he)兩(liang)封頭(tou)組成；封頭(tou)可以是(shi)(shi)(shi)半(ban)球形(xing)、橢圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)、碟形(xing)等；支(zhi)座(zuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)將塔(ta)(ta)(ta)體(ti)(ti)(ti)安裝在基礎(chu)上(shang)的(de)(de)連(lian)接(jie)部分，一般(ban)采(cai)用裙(qun)(qun)式(shi)(shi)支(zhi)座(zuo)，有(you)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)筒形(xing)和(he)圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)錐形(xing)兩(liang)種，常(chang)采(cai)用圓(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)筒形(xing)。裙(qun)(qun)座(zuo)與塔(ta)(ta)(ta)體(ti)(ti)(ti)采(cai)用對接(jie)焊接(jie)或搭接(jie)焊接(jie)連(lian)接(jie)，裙(qun)(qun)座(zuo)的(de)(de)高(gao)度(du)由(you)(you)工藝(yi)要求的(de)(de)附屬(shu)設備（如再沸(fei)器、泵）及(ji)管(guan)線的(de)(de)布置情況(kuang)而定。

1. 板式塔（plate column）

    在(zai)板式塔(ta)(ta)(ta)中裝(zhuang)有(you)一定數量(liang)的塔(ta)(ta)(ta)盤，液體借自(zi)身的重量(liang)自(zi)上(shang)而下沉向塔(ta)(ta)(ta)底（在(zai)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)盤板上(shang)沿塔(ta)(ta)(ta)徑橫向流動），氣體靠壓差自(zi)下而上(shang)以鼓(gu)泡(pao)的形式穿過塔(ta)(ta)(ta)盤上(shang)的液層(ceng)升向塔(ta)(ta)(ta)頂。在(zai)每層(ceng)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)盤上(shang)氣、液兩(liang)相密切接觸，進(jin)行傳質，使兩(liang)相的組分(fen)濃度沿塔(ta)(ta)(ta)高呈階梯式變化，如圖4.1所示(shi)。

  如果按(an)其塔板上氣、液流向不(bu)同(tong)還可分為以下幾種。

   ①. 氣、液(ye)(ye)(ye)呈錯流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)。氣、液(ye)(ye)(ye)呈錯流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)上(shang)裝有降液(ye)(ye)(ye)管(guan)，液(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)自上(shang)板(ban)(ban)的(de)降液(ye)(ye)(ye)管(guan)落(luo)下，進入塔(ta)(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)之后，沿著(zhu)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)橫向(xiang)流(liu)(liu)(liu)過，經塔(ta)(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)的(de)降液(ye)(ye)(ye)管(guan)流(liu)(liu)(liu)入下一(yi)塊塔(ta)(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)（受液(ye)(ye)(ye)槽）。一(yi)般受液(ye)(ye)(ye)槽和(he)對應降液(ye)(ye)(ye)管(guan)寬度是一(yi)樣的(de)。而(er)氣體(ti)(ti)則通過塔(ta)(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)的(de)開孔，與液(ye)(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)呈錯流(liu)(liu)(liu)方式傳質和(he)傳熱(re)。氣、液(ye)(ye)(ye)呈錯流(liu)(liu)(liu)方式的(de)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)在生產上(shang)用得最多，根(gen)據(ju)其氣、液(ye)(ye)(ye)接觸(chu)元件形(xing)式的(de)不同(tong)，又可分為泡罩型(xing)(xing)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)、篩孔型(xing)(xing)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)、浮閥型(xing)(xing)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)和(he)噴(pen)射型(xing)(xing)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)板(ban)(ban)。

   ②. 氣、液呈逆流(liu)的(de)塔(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)。塔(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)結構簡單，不(bu)設溢流(liu)管，氣、液從塔(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)縫(feng)中上(shang)(shang)下穿流(liu)而過，在板(ban)(ban)(ban)上(shang)(shang)的(de)流(liu)體為上(shang)(shang)升蒸汽所攪動(dong)而形成泡沫，進行兩相(xiang)間(jian)的(de)傳質，這類塔(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)的(de)塔(ta)有柵(zha)板(ban)(ban)(ban)塔(ta)、穿流(liu)式波紋篩板(ban)(ban)(ban)塔(ta)。

   ③. 氣、液呈(cheng)并(bing)流(liu)(liu)的塔(ta)板。氣、液呈(cheng)并(bing)流(liu)(liu)的塔(ta)板在(zai)每一塊塔(ta)板上，氣、液呈(cheng)并(bing)流(liu)(liu)接觸方式，對(dui)整個(ge)塔(ta)氣、液呈(cheng)逆流(liu)(liu)操作方式。

  板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)式塔(ta)按有(you)無降液(ye)管(guan)(guan)塔(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)可(ke)分為兩(liang)類(lei)：有(you)降液(ye)管(guan)(guan)塔(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)（錯流式），包括篩板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、浮閥板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、泡罩板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、導(dao)向篩板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、舌(she)形板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、多降液(ye)管(guan)(guan)塔(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)等(deng)；無降液(ye)管(guan)(guan)塔(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)（逆流式），包括穿(chuan)流篩板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、穿(chuan)流柵板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、波紋(wen)穿(chuan)流塔(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)等(deng)。板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)式塔(ta)的(de)結構板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)式塔(ta)的(de)主要部件是塔(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，塔(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)有(you)許多形式。圖4.2所示為板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)式塔(ta)塔(ta)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)結構。

2. 填料塔（packed column）

  填(tian)料(liao)塔(ta)中裝填(tian)一定高(gao)度(du)的(de)(de)填(tian)料(liao)，液(ye)(ye)體(ti)自塔(ta)頂(ding)沿(yan)填(tian)料(liao)表(biao)面向(xiang)下流動，作為連續(xu)相的(de)(de)氣體(ti)自塔(ta)底向(xiang)上流動，與液(ye)(ye)體(ti)進行逆流，兩(liang)相組分的(de)(de)濃(nong)度(du)沿(yan)塔(ta)高(gao)呈(cheng)連續(xu)變化。可根據工(gong)藝(yi)特(te)點、介質(zhi)的(de)(de)特(te)性選用(yong)不同類(lei)型的(de)(de)填(tian)料(liao)，如拉(la)西環、鮑(bao)爾環等。填(tian)料(liao)塔(ta)結構示意(yi)圖如圖4.3所(suo)示。

  典(dian)型(xing)填(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)塔(ta)(ta)的工作(zuo)原理(li)圖(tu)如圖(tu)4.4所示(shi)。塔(ta)(ta)體(ti)為一(yi)圓筒，筒內(nei)堆放一(yi)定(ding)高度的填(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)。操(cao)作(zuo)時，液(ye)體(ti)自塔(ta)(ta)上部進(jin)入，通過(guo)液(ye)體(ti)分布(bu)器(qi)均勻(yun)噴灑(sa)于塔(ta)(ta)截面上，在(zai)填(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)表(biao)面呈膜(mo)狀流下。填(tian)(tian)充高度較高的填(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)塔(ta)(ta)可(ke)將填(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)分層(ceng)(ceng)，各層(ceng)(ceng)填(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)之間(jian)設置液(ye)體(ti)再分布(bu)器(qi)，收(shou)集上層(ceng)(ceng)流下的液(ye)體(ti)，并將液(ye)體(ti)重新均布(bu)于塔(ta)(ta)截面。氣體(ti)自塔(ta)(ta)下部進(jin)入，通過(guo)填(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)層(ceng)(ceng)中(zhong)的空隙由塔(ta)(ta)頂(ding)排出(chu)，離(li)開填(tian)(tian)料(liao)(liao)層(ceng)(ceng)的氣體(ti)可(ke)能(neng)挾帶少量液(ye)沫，必要時可(ke)在(zai)塔(ta)(ta)頂(ding)安(an)裝除(chu)沫器(qi)。